Ankle Joint Complex Mobility of Children 7 to 14 Years Old
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The ranges of motions of the ankle have been studied only rarely in children. The authors examined the mobility of the ankle joint complex of 245 healthy children. The mean age was 10.2 years. In healthy children ages 7 to 14 years, the variation of the ankle joint complex range of motion was wide. The largest gender-related difference was recorded for passive plantarflexion, which was greater in girls. Other statistically significant gender differences do exist, but they are small and probably lack clinical meaning. Some of the children had remarkable left–right difference in the range of motions of the ankle joint complex. This means that the "healthy ankle" cannot necessarily be used in clinical practice as a reference when evaluating, for example, treatments of foot and ankle injuries in children.Keywords:
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This study is aimed to investigate loaded and unloaded foot area ratio (RFA, ratio of foot area) as special tests for the basis of clinical examination of flat foot and healthy foot. Type of foot is determined by Cavanagh’s arch indexes (AI) which is the ratio between mid foot area to entire footprint area excluding the toes. Type of foot is called high arch when AI<0.21, normal/healthy foot when 0.26>AI≥0.21 and flat foot when AI>0.26. The entire loaded foot and footprint area for evaluating AI derived from a digital footprint is modified from document scanner, while the entire unloaded foot area derived from a 3D scanner. One hundred and two healthy students (87 males and 15 females, average aged 20 years and average BMI 22.51 kg/m 2 ) is asked voluntarily for doing footprint and scan. From 102 subjects found 63 participants identified as flat foot and 31 subjects are healthy feet. This study proves that the higher the value of AI the higher the value of RFA and foot type can be predicted by the value of RFA. For type of foot is high arch RFA<0.49, for healthy foot 0.55>RFA≥0.49 and for flat foot RFA>0.55.
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As everyone knows, foot and ankle play a decisive role in human activities. In the recent ten years, management of lesions of foot and ankle has drawn increasing attention and interest of orthopedic scholars so that great progress has been made in this field, but there have still been many controversial issues. This review gives a brief introduction of the most up to date development and problems in the research of foot and ankle fractures, and also suggests some basic principles in treating such fractures.
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This chapter contains sections titled: The Importance of Foot and Nail Care Learning Outcomes The Influence of Lifespan on Foot Health and Hygiene Physical Influences on Foot Health and Foot Hygiene Psychological Influences on Foot Health and Foot Hygiene Sociocultural Influences on Foot Health and Foot Hygiene Environmental Influences on Foot Health and Foot Hygiene Politico-Economic Influences on Foot Health and Foot Hygiene Foot Care Common Foot Conditions Common Foot Abnormalities Nursing Assessment of the Feet Anatomy of the Nail Common Nail Disorders Nursing Management Cutting Finger- and Toenails Conclusion References
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There is no standardized method reported in the literature to measure ROM of the ankle after a total ankle arthroplasty, which limits the possibility to compare results from the various ankle designs. It seems that most of the measurements are a combination of ankle and midfoot motion, not the tibiotalar joint. A protocol was developed to accurately measure the true tibiotalar and midfoot motion before and after an ankle replacement. Lateral radiographs were taken of the ankle with the patient in a weightbearing position, and measurements were done along fixed landmarks. In this study, the tibiotalar, midfoot, and combined ROM were measured preoperative and 1 year postoperative in a standardized, reproducible fashion. The preoperative tibiotalar ROM was 18.5 degrees and combined ankle and midfoot motion 25.1 degrees. The true tibiotalar motion after an Agility total ankle arthroplasty was 23.4 degrees, and the combined ankle and midfoot motion was 31.3 degrees. The average improvement in ROM in the tibiotalar joint was approximately 5 degrees, and combined ROM was 6.1 degrees. Preoperative ROM proved to be the main factor determining the eventual postoperative ROM. It is possible to accurately measure the true ankle and the midfoot motion and those measurements should be used when reporting on the results of ankle replacements. Total ankle arthroplasty resulted in a statistically significant, but clinically less than expected, increase in ROM.
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The responsiveness of the Manchester–Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) was compared with foot/ankle-specific and generic outcome measures used to assess all surgery of the foot and ankle. We recruited 671 consecutive adult patients awaiting foot or ankle surgery, of whom 427 (63.6%) were female, with a mean age of 52.8 years (18 to 89). They independently completed the MOXFQ, Short-Form 36 (SF-36) and EuroQol (EQ-5D) questionnaires pre-operatively and at a mean of nine months (3.8 to 14.4) post-operatively. Foot/ankle surgeons assessed American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores corresponding to four foot/ankle regions. A transition item measured perceived changes in foot/ankle problems post-surgery. Of 628 eligible patients proceeding to surgery, 491 (78%) completed questionnaires and 262 (42%) received clinical assessments both pre- and post-operatively. The regions receiving surgery were: multiple/whole foot in eight (1.3%), ankle/hindfoot in 292 (46.5%), mid-foot in 21 (3.3%), hallux in 196 (31.2%), and lesser toes in 111 (17.7%). Foot/ankle-specific MOXFQ, AOFAS and EQ-5D domains produced larger effect sizes (> 0.8) than any SF-36 domains, suggesting superior responsiveness. In analyses that anchored change in scores and effect sizes to patients’ responses to a transition item about their foot/ankle problems, the MOXFQ performed well. The SF-36 and EQ-5D performed poorly. Similar analyses, conducted within foot-region based sub-groups of patients, found that the responsiveness of the MOXFQ was good compared with the AOFAS. This evidence supports the MOXFQ’s suitability for assessing all foot and ankle surgery.
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Background :Foot morphology differs among ethnic groups. Proper knowledge ofpopulation specific variations are necessary for industrial design and forensicinvestigations. The study was aimed to measure the foot and determine the footshape of adult Bangalee and Chakma females to find out and compare any ethnicvariation.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 200 Chakma and 200Bangalee adult females. Foot length and foot breadth were measured by slidecaliper. Foot index was calculated and foot shape was determined from foot index.
Results: Mean value for length, breadth and index of foot were significantly higherin Chakmas than Bangalees. Percentage of slender foot was higher in Bangalees andbroad foot shape was found more in Chakmas. Most of the participants of these twogroups have standard foot shape.
Conclusion: Bangalee and Chakma adult females showed differences in structuralcharacteristics of foot which may be attributed to their ethnicity and environment.
Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.19 (1); January 2020; Page 59-62
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