Variation between and within broomrape (Orobanche) species revealed by RAPD markers
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Keywords:
Orobanche
Parasitic plant
Genetic Variability
Orobanchaceae
Parasitic plants in the family Orobanchaceae, such as Striga, Orobanche and Phelipanche, often cause significant damage to agricultural crops. The Orobanchaceae family comprises more than 2000 species in about 100 genera, providing an excellent system for studying the molecular basis of parasitism and its evolution. Notably, the establishment of model Orobanchaceae parasites, such as Triphysaria versicolor and Phtheirospermum japonicum, that can infect the model host Arabidopsis, has greatly facilitated transgenic analyses of genes important for parasitism. In addition, recent genomic and transcriptomic analyses of several Orobanchaceae parasites have revealed fascinating molecular insights into the evolution of parasitism and strategies for adaptation in this family. This review highlights recent progress in understanding how Orobanchaceae parasites attack their hosts and how the hosts mount a defense against the threats.
Orobanchaceae
Obligate parasite
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Orobanche
Orobanchaceae
Parasitic plant
Exudate
Red Clover
Strigolactone
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Orobanche spp. (broomrapes) are holoparasites that subsist on the roots of many important crops and can considerably reduce yield. The control of Orobanche spp. includes physical, chemical and biological methods. Interactions between parasitic angiosperms and their hosts first occur at the level of parasite seed germination. The seeds of all Orobanchaceae germinate in soil under natural conditions only in response to specific chemical exudates from the host plant. This study describes the influence of different plant growth regulators and host plant root exudates on germination and development of calli from Orobanche seeds in vitro . The effect of indole‐3‐acetic acid, gibberellic acid and kinetin on the germination of Orobanche seeds varied with concentration. These plant growth regulators also affected the period of germination and the structure of calli and protrusions. An in vitro system for the collection of tobacco root exudates was established. Compounds released from the host roots of three different tobacco cultivars were found to provoke high levels of germination of the Orobanche seeds without any period of pre‐conditioning. This study developed methods for the investigation of host–parasite interactions and the effect of germination stimulants in Orobanche spp.
Orobanche
Orobanchaceae
Parasitic plant
Gibberellic acid
Kinetin
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Orobanche
Hedera helix
Orobanchaceae
Araliaceae
Parasitic plant
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Orobanchaceae
Orobanche
Parasitic plant
Striga hermonthica
Obligate parasite
Facultative
Obligate
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Citations (87)
Abstract Most members of the nonphotosynthetic parasitic genera Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae) have narrow host ranges, and, as they grow on perennial hosts, are (at least potentially) perennial themselves. A few species, however, have wide host ranges and grow on annual hosts, and are thus (at least facultatively) annuals themselves. Among the latter are the weedy species, which include economically important pest taxa such as Orobanche crenata or Phelipanche aegyptiaca . Using a phylogenetically based maximum likelihood approach, which takes phylogenetic and branch length uncertainty into account, we can show that the life trait host range and life history evolve in a correlated fashion. This supports the hypothesis that parasite specialization is associated with predictable resources (i.e. long‐lived hosts) and generalism with unpredictable ones (i.e. short‐lived hosts), a pattern often found in animal parasites. The mechanisms and temporal sequence of the life trait changes and their interrelations remain speculative.
Orobanchaceae
Orobanche
Parasitic plant
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Abstract Broomrapes ( Orobanche and Phelipanche species, Orobanchaceae) are obligate root parasites of dicotyledonous plants. This taxonomic group includes seven weedy parasites of agricultural crops that damage vegetables, sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), and legumes. Processing-tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) fields in Israel have been recently found infested with a new broomrape, first identified as nodding broomrape ( Orobanche cernua Loefl.) based on its host. However, its morphology resembled the closely related sunflower broomrape ( Orobanche cumana Wallr.), an obligate parasite of sunflower. The new race ( CUCE ) parasitized sunflower, tomato, and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) in vitro, in a polyethylene bag system and in pots. Its seeds germinated in response to strigolactones (orobanchol, 5-deoxystrigol, 2′-epiorobanchol, and GR24) and dehydrocostus lactone (DCL), whereas O. cumana seeds responded only to DCL and GR24, and O. cernua only to strigolactones. Based on morphological similarities with O. cumana , shared molecular markers with O. cumana , ability to parasitize sunflower and respond to sunflower-germination stimulants, it was concluded that CUCE is a new race of O. cumana , with a host range expanding to Solanaceae crops. While being an important noxious weed of sunflower, this new O. cumana race is currently spreading and posing a threat to processing tomato in Israel. This finding is an alarming indication that broomrapes can shift host range and that similar new races of O. cumana could potentially appear in other countries.
Orobanche
Parasitic plant
Helianthus annuus
Orobanchaceae
Obligate parasite
Helianthus
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Parasitic plants develop a haustorium that intrudes host tissues. In roots of transgenic PRb-1b-GUS tobacco the expression of the chimeric gene was prominent near Orobanche infection. The expression of the pathogenesis related (PR) protein gene in Orobanche -infected roots indicates that Orobanche releases appropriate elicitors, and that the susceptible plant does sense Orobanche invasion. The Orobanche -responsive promoter may be a useful tool in engineering resistances to this parasitic weed. Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company
Orobanche
Orobanchaceae
Parasitic plant
Haustorium
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Citations (59)
Parasitization by Orobanche is a complex process, one that is mediated by host-derived chemical signals that control parasite seed germination and haustorium initiation and one that ultimately results in the union of two plant species. Experiments were conducted to characterize Orobanche parasitization of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and to begin to explore the role of host flavonoid metabolism in the interaction. Arabidopsis thaliana stimulated seed germination and allowed tubercle development of O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa but did not significantly stimulate seeds of O. crenata, O. minor, or O. cernua. However, if Orobanche seeds were artificially stimulated, O. crenata and O. minor successfully established tubercles on A. thaliana. When compared to the recognized crop hosts, Daucus carota and Nicotiana tabacum, A. thaliana stimulated less O. aegyptiaca germination but allowed for formation of equivalent numbers of tubercles. These findings indicate that A. thaliana is not a large-scale producer of germination stimulant but is highly susceptible to the parasite once Orobanche seeds have germinated. Experiments comparing wild-type A. thaliana plants to mutant lines deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis revealed no differences in the ability to stimulate germination or to allow tubercle formation, indicating that host flavonoid production is not essential for Orobanche parasitization. The results of this work support the use of A. thaliana as a valuable host in understanding Orobanche parasitization.
Orobanche
Orobanchaceae
Parasitic plant
Haustorium
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Citations (86)
Abstract Due to their forms and colors, parasitic plants are most often considered to be botanical curiosities. However, in some cases, these are proved to be also deadly pests with the capacity to exploit other plants. Among the obligate root parasitic weeds, the holoparasites that are devoid of chlorophyll and thus unable to carry out photosynthesis totally rely on their hosts for their water, mineral, and carbohydrate supplies. Members of the genus Orobanche and Phelipanche , belonging to the Orobanchaceae family (the broomrape family), are thus the final result of this evolutionary transition from autotrophism to heterotrophism. The underlying process of this trophic exploitation, governed by a fine-tuned molecular dialogue between both partners, is an extraordinary example of adaptive plant biology operated by these parasitic organisms in the course of evolution. This transition is associated with remarkable morphological and physiological adaptations, such as the requirement for the seeds to germinate to perceive molecules produced by host roots, the development of a novel organ, the haustorium , which invades host tissues and establishes a physiological continuum between the parasite and the host, the establishment of a sink strength required for translocation of host resources, the loss of photosynthesis, and a reduced leaf and root architecture.
Orobanche
Orobanchaceae
Obligate parasite
Parasitic plant
Haustorium
Obligate
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Citations (26)