Engineering Functional Enzyme Bioelectrodes with Conductive Polymeric Films for Sensing Applications
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Immobilization of enzymes is a key strategy for the development of point-of care diagnostics such as biosensors and biofuel cells. Conductive polymeric films have been proposed as excellent signal transducers for biomedical applications due to their high electrical conductivity and biocompatibility. In this context, we report a highly innovative, while simple and robust, surface chemistry approach for the covalent immobilization of enzymes onto conductive polymeric nanostructures. In particular, an electrochemical grafting approach is proposed, according to which, polypyrrole (PPy) films on gold surfaces on-chip are modified with b-alanine (Ala) as a linker, bearing free carboxylate groups, for further probe immobilization. As a case study and considering its clinical relevance for glucose monitoring systems, the enzyme Glucose Oxidase (GOx) is used. The fabricated GOx/Ala/PPy/Au electrode exhibited excellent performance for glucose detection, with a linear response within the range of 0.1 mM - 10 mM, and a sensitivity of 3.75 µA mM -1 cm -2 . The observed low limit of detection is 0.1 mM; a value that lies below the normal glucose concentration in blood and non-conventional physiological fluids, such as interstitial fluid or saliva. The fabricated glucose sensor also demonstrates an excellent reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 4 %. The methodology proposed paves the way for rapid manufacturing of effective enzyme-based polymeric electrodes, which, contrary to other PPy-based sensors previously suggested, does not involve any chemical pre-treatments of the monomer used. Figure 1Keywords:
Polypyrrole
Biocompatibility
Glucose oxidase
Amperometry
Surface Modification
Glucose oxidase
Amperometry
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Polypyrrole
Glucose oxidase
Pyrrole
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Conducting polymer is a used material for many purposes, including active compound of chemical sensor. Polypyrrole, one type of conducting polymers, is frequently used because of its advantages, namely owing high conductivity, strong mechanical properties and relatively stable compound. This research was aimed to develop an alcohol sensor based on polypyrrole. Electropolymerisation of the polypyrrole was carried out using cyclic voltammetric technique. This research investigated some parameters electropolymerisation, namely variation of dopant electrolyte concentration, potential scan-rate, surface morphology of the polymer resulted, characteristic of the sensor performance when exposed to some alcohol compounds. According to the result of investigation, it was found that variation of potential scan-rate and dopant concentration has significant effect to the electropolymerisation process as well as to the resulted polymer, as indicated by the voltammogram profiles, the surface morphology of the resulted polymer and the response of resistance change of the polymer when exposed to the alcohol compounds.Keywords: polypyrrole, conducting polymer, alcohol sensor, cyclic voltammetry, electropolymerisation.
Polypyrrole
Horizontal scan rate
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This paper deals with a fundamental review of preparation methods, characterizations, thermal and environmental stabilities and practical applications of polypyrrole (PPy) conducting electroactive polymers. In this article some of the most important factors affecting the electrical, electrochemical, thermal and environmental stabilities of polypyrrole conducting polymers have also been reviewed.
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Thermal Stability
Electroactive polymers
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Polypyrrole
Inverse gas chromatography
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Polypyrrole
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Abstract The filling of porous silicon with polypyrrole by electropolymerization was investigated. The filling with polypyrrole proceeded preferentially along the porous silicon wall, leading to the formation of tubular structures. By repeating the porosification, the pore filling and the additional porosification, through‐tubes of polypyrrole were formed in macropores. The technique to form through‐tube was also applied to medium‐sized pores. A double layer with polypyrrole was produced by the repetition of porosification and pore filling twice. The immobilization of glucose oxidase was performed by electropolymerization in an aqueous solution containing glucose oxidase and pyrrole. Glucose oxidase was immobilized physically in the polypyrrole film. In the double layer, the sensitivity of glucose oxidase was measured by electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide, which was produced by the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase to gluconolactone. When glucose oxidase was immobilized in the upper layer, glucose was detected sensitively. On the other hand, when glucose oxidase was immobilized in the lower layer, the sensing current showed a slow and a low response. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polypyrrole
Glucose oxidase
Porous Silicon
Pyrrole
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