Intracerebrally Applied Botulinum Neurotoxin in Experimental Neuroscience
Alexander HawlitschkaVeronica AntipovaOliver SchmittMartin WittReiner BeneckeEilhard MixAndreas Wree
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Abstract:
The use of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) for therapeutic purposes in neuromuscular disorders and peripheral hypercholinergic conditions as well as in aesthetic medicine is widespread and common. BoNTs are also able to block the release of a wide range of transmitters from presynaptic boutons. Therefore, application of BoNTs directly in the central nervous system (CNS) is currently under study with respect to basic research and potentially as a new therapeutic strategy of neurological diseases. Investigations concentrate on effects of intracerebral and intraspinal application of BoNTs in rodents on the impact on spinal, nuclear, limbic and cortical neuronal circuits. In animal model first promising BoNTinduced therapeutical benefit has been shown in the treatment of pain, epilepsy, stroke and Parkinson’s disease. Keywords: Botulinum neurotoxin, dementia, epilepsy, hippocampus, ischemia, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord, striatumKeywords:
Neurotoxin
Botulinum neurotoxin
Botulinum neurotoxin(BoNT) is the most poisonous neurotoxin and can cause flaccid paralysis as a result of inhibition of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction,inducing corresponding clinical symptoms.Alimentary toxicosis is most common.Botulinum neurotoxin threaten human′s healthiness possibly as biological weapon.It is important to diagnose and treat the Botulinum neurotoxin poisoning.The essay summarizes the advance in diagnose and cure toxicosis of Botulinum neurotoxin concisely.
Botulinum neurotoxin
Neurotoxin
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Flaccid paralysis
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Neurotoxin
Botulinum neurotoxin
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Botulinum neurotoxin
Neurotoxin
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Neurotoxin
Botulinum neurotoxin
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Some dentists propose administering botulinum neurotoxin injections to treat orofacial pain. The scientific literature has documented there are dangerous uncontrollable effects of long-distance traveling of botulinum neurotoxin from the injection site. These distant effects are not technique-specific, not predictable, and cannot be controlled by the amount of neurotoxin, nor by the site administered. These uncontrollable distant effects of "off-label" botulinum neurotoxin injections, at the very least, must be thoroughly disclosed to patients.
Botulinum neurotoxin
Neurotoxin
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Objective To purify botulinum type B neurotoxin,compare the characteristics of inactive and trypsin-activated botulinum type B neurotoxin and analyze the integrities of botulinum type B neurotoxin complex under acidic and basic conditions.Methods Neurotoxins were purified from inactive,trypsin-activated and heat-activated botulinum type B complexes by anion-exchange column chromatography,and served as groups A,B and C respectively.The trypsin-activated botulinum type B neurotoxin was dissolved under acidic condition and served as group D.The botulinum type B neurotoxins in various groups were determined for purities(specific toxicities)and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.Results The purities of neurotoxins after chromatography were higher than those of complexes before chromatography.However,the purities of activated neurotoxins were 2 ~ 3 times higher than those of inactive ones.Both reduced and non-reduced SDS-PAGE profiles of neurotoxins in group A showed three bands,i.e.neurotoxin,heavy chain and light chain,while those in group B showed only two bands,i.e.heavy and light chains.The neurotoxin in group C showed two bands,i.e.heavy and light chains on non-reduced SDS-PAGE profile,while showed only one band of light chain on reduced SDS-PAGE profile.Botulinum type B neurotoxin complex consisted of neurotoxin and non-toxic components under acidic condition.However,under basic condition,the neurotoxin and non-toxic components were separated.Conclusion Botulinum type B neurotoxin was successfully purified,of which the single chain was cleaved into double chain and the specific activity increased after treatment with trypsin.
Neurotoxin
Botulinum neurotoxin
Clostridium botulinum
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Botulinum neurotoxin
Neurotoxin
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Botulinum neurotoxin is a type of neural paralysis toxin of great toxicity known to science and it can cause botulism both in humans and animals.Because of its simple production and potent toxicity,it has been regarded as an inspiration for bioterrorists and it is also the most important toxic warfare agent.The infective dose is rather low and humans are not protected from the toxin.Seri- ous patients may die within 2 to 3 days after botulism.If timely and correct treatment is taken,the mortality will be decreased and the de- velopment of rapid detective methods is thereby the prerequisite to successful treatment.For this reason,the detective method of bo- tulinum neurotoxin is always the focus of toxin field.The review makes a general description of botulinum neurotoxin and advances on its detective method.
Neurotoxin
Botulism
Botulinum neurotoxin
Clostridium botulinum
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Neurotoxin
Botulinum neurotoxin
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Neurotoxin
Botulinum neurotoxin
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
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