Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Civil Infrastructures
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Civil Infrastructure
Civil defense
Seismic risk
Vulnerability
Natural hazard
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The disastrous earthquake in L'Aquila Italy (Mw 6.3, 6 April 2009) again highlights the issue of potentially reducing seismic risk by releasing warnings or initiating mitigation actions. Earthquakes cluster strongly in space and time, leading to periods of increased seismic hazard. During such seismic crises, seismologists typically convey their knowledge of earthquake clustering based on past experience, basic statistics and “gut feeling.” However, this information is often not quantitative nor reproducible and difficult for decision‐makers to digest. We define a novel interdisciplinary approach that combines probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment with cost‐benefit analysis to allow objective risk‐based decision‐making. Our analysis demonstrates that evacuation as mitigation action is rarely cost‐effective. Future mitigation strategies should target the weakest buildings and those on the poorest soil.
Seismic risk
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Seismic risk is the average loss, or potential or probability of a loss, due to the occurrence of an earthquake, and is the combination of earthquake hazard, assets at risk and vulnerability of the assets to the effects of the earthquake. The history of seismic risk assessment is reviewed and found to be a confluence of seismology, earthquake engineering, probability and other fields over the last 150 years, surrounded by broader social and technological influences. Today seismic risk assessment is well established, although fundamental improvements are still needed.
Seismic risk
Vulnerability
Earthquake casualty estimation
Earthquake engineering
Earthquake prediction
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Earthquakes pose potentially substantial risks to residents in the Western Quebec seismic zone of eastern Canada, where Ottawa and Montreal are located. In eastern Canada, the majority of houses are not constructed to modern seismic standards and most homeowners do not purchase earthquake insurance for their homes. If a devastating earthquake strikes, homeowners would be left unprotected financially. To quantify financial risks to homeowners in the Western Quebec seismic zone, regional earthquake catastrophe models are developed by incorporating up-to-date public information on hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The developed catastrophe models can quantify the expected and upper-tail financial seismic risks by considering a comprehensive list of possible seismic events as well as critical earthquake scenarios based on the latest geological data in the region. The results indicate that regional seismic losses could reach several tens of billions of dollars if a moderate-to-large earthquake occurs near urban centres in the region, such as Montreal and Ottawa. The regional seismic loss estimates produced in this study are useful for informing earthquake risk management strategies, including earthquake insurance and disaster relief policies.
Earthquake casualty estimation
Seismic risk
Seismic zone
Seismic microzonation
Vulnerability
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Korea is not considered to be one of the safe zones for earthquakes any more. According to the records of the historical records and recent earthquake events in Korea, the possibillty of disastrous seismic hazards cannot be ignored, Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center (KEERC) and Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea(EESK) have been established by that consensus. In this paper, historical earthquake records and seismicity in Korea are reviewed. And the research activities and the research system for the earthquake hazards mitigation of KEERC are introduced and the efforts of ESSK to renovate seismic design code system and to optimize the protection levels against earthquake disasters is explained.
Earthquake engineering
Types of earthquake
Earthquake warning system
Earthquake prediction
Hazard map
Seismic microzonation
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Through the investigation of the seismic damage of the building structure in Mianyang area in Wenchuan Earthquake,the paper summarizes the characteristics of seismic disaster of the buildings,analyzes the earthquake damage mechanism of the buildings,briefly describes the special phenomenon in the seismic damage,and puts forward the points for attention to strengthen the anti-seismic capacity of the buildings.
Seismic microzonation
Types of earthquake
Earthquake prediction
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The quantitative risk assessment of earthquake disaster is based on integrated procedures to quantify seismic, attenuation, sites, buildings and economical losses. Accordingly, seismic risk analysis has to be integrated in order to obtain reliable results. In this paper, the research progresses of the seismic risk assessment are reviewed, some considerations regarding the intensity and probability of occurrence of earthquakes and the vulnerability of constructions subjected to seismic actions are given. A soft risk map of earthquake, which is more informative than conventional ones, is aimed at the visualization of risk levels of Seismic disasters defined by the fuzzy probabilities, having the potential to be used for the adoption of risk mitigation measures, the assessment of the seismic losses and estimation of earthquake insurance rates.
Seismic risk
Vulnerability
Seismic microzonation
Earthquake engineering
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Vulnerability
Earthquake engineering
Seismic risk
Foundation (evidence)
Seismic zone
Seismic microzonation
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Under the guidance of the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion of Japan, we have been carrying out seismic hazard assessment for Japan since the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake and have made the National Seismic Hazard Maps for Japan to estimate strong motion caused by earthquakes that could occur in Japan in the future, and show estimated results on these maps. The Hazard Maps consist of two kinds of maps. One kind is a probabilistic seismic hazard map that shows the relation between seismic intensity value and its probability of exceedance within a certain period. The other kind is a scenario earthquake shaking map. In order to promote the use of the National Seismic Hazard Maps, we have developed an open Web system to provide information interactively, and have named this system the Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station (J-SHIS). The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (Mw9.0) was the largest such event in the recorded history of Japan. This megathrust earthquake was not considered in the National Seismic Hazard Maps for Japan. Based on lessons learned from this earthquake disaster and on experience we have had in the seismic hazardmapping project of Japan, we consider problems and issues to be resolved for seismic hazard assessment and make proposals to improve seismic hazard assessment for Japan.
Hazard map
Earthquake casualty estimation
Earthquake simulation
Seismic microzonation
Seismic risk
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Firstly,besides non-engineering factors five factors affecting seismic losses are presented.They are seismic hazard analysis ability,ability on earthquake monitoring and prediction,seismic ability on cities' politics,economy and population,seismic ability on non-engineering reducing disaster and ability on earthquake hazard mitigation and rescue.Then the index system on non-engineering factors is set up.Finally,the evaluation method about how to define the effect of non-engineering factors to city's earthquake disaster loss is given.
Earthquake engineering
Seismic microzonation
Seismic risk
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