The Implicit Priming oft he Syllable in Mandarin Chinese Speech Production
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Mandarin Chinese
Priming (agriculture)
Mandarin Chinese
Intonation
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Adopting Taipei as the representative of Taiwan Mandarin, this preliminary study of Mandarin leveling in Taiwan investigated the tonal leveling of Mandarin between Mandarin-Waishengren and Holo-Benshengren in Taiwan. The results indicated that the tonal leveling of Mandarin between these two ethnic groups started as early as between the first Taiwan-born Mandarin-Waishengren generation and their Holo peers, one generation earlier than the more general patterns suggested by Trudgill (Trudgill 1986, 2004). This leveling has nearly reached its completion in the following generation, taking approximately 30 years.Four factors were proposed to interpret the rapidity of this leveling–(1) the intensiveness of Waishengren immigration to Taiwan, (2) the exclusive Mandarin-only language policy, (3) the pre-established social order and infrastructure during the Japanese colonial period, and (4) the frequent contacts between Waishengren and Benshengren.
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English and Chinese belong to different language systems,which of course have different syllable structures.This article talks about the syllable structure of Standard Chinese(Mandarin).In Mandarin,there are lots of loan words from English.Through analyzing those words,it is used to validate that whether the syllables of Standard Chinese(Mandarin) follows one general principle of syllabification: Minimal Onset Satisfaction.
Mandarin Chinese
Syllabification
Standard Chinese
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The fluent production of speech is a very complex human skill. It requires the coordination of several articulatory subsystems. The instructions that lead articulatory movements to execution are the result of the interplay of speech production levels that operate above the articulatory network. During the process of word-form encoding, the groundwork for the articulatory programs is prepared which then serve the articulators as basic units. This thesis investigated whether or not syllables form the basis for the articulatory programs and in particular whether or not these syllable programs are stored, separate from the store of the lexical word-forms. It is assumed that syllable units are stored in a so-called 'mental syllabary'. The main goal of this thesis was to find evidence of the syllable playing a functionally important role in speech production and for the assumption that syllables are stored units. In a variant of the implicit priming paradigm, it was investigated whether information about the syllabic structure of a target word facilitates the preparation (advanced planning) of a to-be-produced utterance. These experiments yielded evidence for the functionally important role of syllables in speech production. In a subsequent row of experiments, it could be demonstrated that the production of syllables is sensitive to frequency. Syllable frequency effects provide strong evidence for the notion of a mental syllabary because only stored units are likely to exhibit frequency effects. In a last study, effects of syllable preparation and syllable frequency were investigated in a combined study to disentangle the two effects. The results of this last experiment converged with those reported for the other experiments and added further support to the claim that syllables play a core functional role in speech production and are stored in a mental syllabary.
Syllabic verse
Utterance
Syllabification
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Mandarin Chinese is an important quality-oriented course, for the cour se can improve students' comprehensive ability, boost their psychological qualit y, enrich their Chinese knowledge and so on and so forth. Quality-oriented educa tion calls for the introduction of Mandarin Chinese course, so teachers should t each Mandarin Chinese well and students should learn Mandarin Chinese well.
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Mandarin Chinese
Tone (literature)
Feature (linguistics)
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Two groups of native English speakers, relatively inexperienced (IE) (N=14) with 4 months of Mandarin study and relatively more experienced (EE) (N=14) with 12 months of study, were asked to identify coarticulated Mandarin lexical tones in disyllabic words. The results show that the EE group was better at identifying Mandarin tones than the IE group. Interestingly both groups were more accurate at identifying tones of the second (i.e., last) syllables than tones of the first syllables. Two types of errors were found in both groups: tonal direction misperception and tonal height misperception. EE committed fewer tonal direction errors than IE. However, EE still made considerable amount of tonal height errors. These results suggest the following: (1) The ability to perceive coarticulated tones improves with learning experience. (2) Due perhaps to a recency effect, final tones are remembered better than initial tones, and final syllable tones are misperceived less frequently than initial syllable tones. (3) The ability to identify tonal direction may improve faster than the ability to identify tonal height among English speakers and thus while tonal direction errors decrease with experience, misperception of tonal height remains even with increasing learning experience.
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Tone (literature)
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Abstract Background: The sublexical factors syllable frequency and syllable structure are known to influence error rates in patients with apraxia of speech (e.g., Aichert & Ziegler, Citation2004; Romani & Galluzzi, Citation2005). To our knowledge, these factors have almost exclusively been examined by single‐word production paradigms. However, performance on single‐word tasks is not necessarily a good predictor of spontaneous speech production, since the generation of conversational speech involves specific conditions and additional demands. This might influence the weights of syllable frequency and syllable structure in explanations of the accuracy of speech production in apraxic speakers. Aims: Our aim was to determine if the spontaneous speech production of patients with apraxia of speech (AOS) is influenced by the factors syllable frequency and syllable structure. The two research questions that guided our investigation were: (1) Are the distribution properties of syllables in spontaneous speech different in patients with AOS compared to unimpaired speakers? (2) Do the factors syllable frequency and syllable structure affect articulatory accuracy in the spontaneous speech of patients with AOS? Methods & Procedures: Three patients with AOS and 15 neurologically unimpaired control persons produced samples of spontaneous speech with a minimum of 1000 syllables each. Structure and frequency counts were made on the basis of the German CELEX database. Outcomes & Results: The distribution properties of the spontaneous speech samples were similar in the apraxic speakers and the unimpaired controls. In all three patients the proportion of errors was significantly higher on low‐ than on high‐frequency syllables. In two patients a significant effect even persisted when any confound with syllable structure was ruled out. Syllable structure effects were only found within the low‐frequency syllables. Conclusions: Syllable frequency and syllable structure play a decisive role with respect to articulatory accuracy in the spontaneous speech production of patients with AOS. The first author of this study was supported by a grant from the DFG ‐ German research council (ZI 469/10‐2). We would also like to thank the ReHa‐Hilfe e.V. for their support. We are grateful to our colleagues from the Neuropsychological Clinic, Munich‐Bogenhausen Hospital, Munich, and to the staff from the speech therapy departments at the Rehabilitation Hospitals Bad Heilbrunn and Bad Aibling for their collaboration on clinical issues. We would also like to express our gratitude to all participants. Keywords: Spontaneous speech productionApraxia of speechSyllable frequencySyllable structure. Notes The first author of this study was supported by a grant from the DFG ‐ German research council (ZI 469/10‐2). We would also like to thank the ReHa‐Hilfe e.V. for their support. We are grateful to our colleagues from the Neuropsychological Clinic, Munich‐Bogenhausen Hospital, Munich, and to the staff from the speech therapy departments at the Rehabilitation Hospitals Bad Heilbrunn and Bad Aibling for their collaboration on clinical issues. We would also like to express our gratitude to all participants. 1. Some authors ascribed these errors to a concomitant aphasic‐phonological impairment (e.g., Itoh & Sasanuma, Citation1984; McNeill, Pratt, & Fossett, Citation2004), but the observation of anticipatory as well as of perseveratory and transposition errors also coincides with many common descriptions of AOS (e.g., Dabul, Citation2000; Darley et al., Citation1975; La Pointe & Johns, Citation1975; Wertz, La Pointe, & Rosenbek, Citation1984).
Apraxia
Speech error
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This paper outlines the development of the phonetic system of Mandarin and introduces recent findings on modern Mandarin from a sociolinguistic perspective by examining Western materials. First, features of Mandarin as the lingua franca of the Ming to Qing periods are discussed. Second, we analyze the works of Western scholars and reveal that they did not have a common view of the Mandarin language during the nineteenth century. Last, we demonstrate that the phrase “location name + Mandarin” was first developed in Japan and introduced to China in the twentieth century. It should be noted that this phrase formation, like “Beijing Mandarin,” did not exist in the Ming to Qing periods.
Mandarin Chinese
Phrase
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This study explored the statistical patterns of English and Mandarin Chinese sound sequences, by comparing their learning in a simple recurrent network. Experiment 1 showed that vivid syllable structure emerged from the sound sequence of Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that the emerged syllable structure of Mandarin Chinese is considerably more salient than that of English. We claim that the more salient syllable structure in Mandarin Chinese inputs is one reason why syllable units are particularly emphasized in its processing in comparison to English.
Mandarin Chinese
Pronunciation
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