Layered double hydroxide membrane with high hydroxide conductivity and ion selectivity for energy storage device
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Abstract Membranes with fast and selective ions transport are highly demanded for energy storage devices. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), bearing uniform interlayer galleries and abundant hydroxyl groups covalently bonded within two-dimensional (2D) host layers, make them superb candidates for high-performance membranes. However, related research on LDHs for ions separation is quite rare, especially the deep-going study on ions transport behavior in LDHs. Here, we report a LDHs-based composite membrane with fast and selective ions transport for flow battery application. The hydroxide ions transport through LDHs via vehicular (standard diffusion) & Grotthuss (proton hopping) mechanisms is uncovered. The LDHs-based membrane enables an alkaline zinc-based flow battery to operate at 200 mA cm − 2 , along with an energy efficiency of 82.36% for 400 cycles, which is among the highest efficiencies for zinc-based flow batteries. This study offers an in-depth understanding of ions transport in LDHs and further inspires their applications in other energy-related devices.Keywords:
Layered double hydroxides
Flow battery
Methanesulfonic acid
Lead dioxide
Flow battery
Self-discharge
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Flow battery
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Fluorite
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A brief survey of the new techniques used to couple the superior activity and selectivity of homogeneous catalysts, e.g., transition-metal complexes, with the ease of handling and reusing heterogeneous catalysts covers examples of hybrid catalytic systems obtained by attachment of homogeneous catalysts to insoluble supports, such as cross-linked polystyrene or silica gel; membrane systems formed by complexing phosphine-containing metal catalysts with soluble polystyrene, which use the selective diffusion of the reactants through a membrane barrier; systems that use a phase transfer catalyst to transport reactants and products between an aqueous and an organic phase containing a homogeneous catalyst; and transition-metal catalysts dissolved in molten salts which provide a nonvolatile media for catalytic reactions.
Polystyrene
Homogeneous Catalysis
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This paper reports that electrodes that are modified with a multifunctional polymer film have ben used for the determination of metal ions in solution for several years. In this approach to electroanalysis, the polymer contains both an internal redox couple, which serves to induce precipitation of the polymer on the electrode surface and permits the coverage to be accurately measured, and a coordinating agent, chosen to bind selectively and strongly to the metal ion of interest. The preconcentration of the metal ion within the polymer enhances the inherent sensitivity of this method while the judicious choice of the coordinating agent can provide high selectivity. Ultramicroelectrodes with a total tip size of several micrometers are excellent candidates for extending the utility of polymer-modified electrodes to minute environments such as within single cells. For example, carbon fiber ultramicroelectrodes have been modified with polymeric films of tetrakis (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin and used for the determination of nickel in single cells.
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Ion Exchange Membranes
Electrochemical energy conversion
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Vanadium redox flow battery (V-RFB) emerges as newly developing energy storage technology; some are under field testing and demonstration stage, but information on
construction, electrode stack, electrolyte preparation, overall systems under study, etc. are still limited. This paper concisely reviews of redox flow batteries, its components and design considerations. Experimental performance characterisations at different electrode stack compartments from a 25 - 100 cm2 laboratory, unit cell, all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) are presented. The results are compared to lithium-ion and conventional lead-acid in estimating the size and performance of a V-RFB, suitable for a series hybrid electric vehicle (HEy). Suggestion for system improvement is highlighted.
Flow battery
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Unique carbons with demonstrated utility as anodes for lithium secondary batteries have been prepared by heating hydrocarbons within an inorganic template. Disordered carbons with novel and desirable molecular porosity were synthesized by the pyrolysis of pyrene at 700 C within a pillared clay. The clay was removed by treatment with acid, leaving behind carbons with 15 to 50 {angstrom} holes. These holey carbons, when converted into electrodes, allow rapid diffusion of the lithium into and out of a carbon. Favorable results have been obtained in several tests, for example, a reversible capacity of 825 mAh/g has been achieved, about four times greater than commercial batteries using convention pyrolytic carbon.
Pyrolytic carbon
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Carbon fibers
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University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. August 2014. Major: Chemical Engineering. Advisor: Timothy P. Lodge. 1 computer file (PDF); xi, 235 pages, appendices A-C.
Decoupling (probability)
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