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Sepal
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A second species of the Chilean endemic Ivania, I. juncalensis, is described and illustrated. It is readily distinguished from the generic type I. cremnophila, which is also known only from the type collection, by its pinnatifid and oblong to lanceolate (vs. entire or dentate and cordate to subreniform) basal leaves, smaller flowers (ovate sepals 2.5–3 mm long and spatulate petals 6–7.5 × 2.5–3 mm vs. oblong sepals 5–6 mm long and broadly obovate petals 11–13 × 5–6 mm), and strongly 2-lobed (vs. entire) stigma.
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Brassicaceae
Endemism
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To investigate sepal/petal/lip formation in Oncidium Gower Ramsey, three paleoAPETALA3 genes, O. Gower Ramsey MADS box gene5 (OMADS5; clade 1), OMADS3 (clade 2), and OMADS9 (clade 3), and one PISTILLATA gene, OMADS8, were characterized. The OMADS8 and OMADS3 mRNAs were expressed in all four floral organs as well as in vegetative leaves. The OMADS9 mRNA was only strongly detected in petals and lips. The mRNA for OMADS5 was only strongly detected in sepals and petals and was significantly down-regulated in lip-like petals and lip-like sepals of peloric mutant flowers. This result revealed a possible negative role for OMADS5 in regulating lip formation. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that OMADS5 formed homodimers and heterodimers with OMADS3 and OMADS9. OMADS8 only formed heterodimers with OMADS3, whereas OMADS3 and OMADS9 formed homodimers and heterodimers with each other. We proposed that sepal/petal/lip formation needs the presence of OMADS3/8 and/or OMADS9. The determination of the final organ identity for the sepal/petal/lip likely depended on the presence or absence of OMADS5. The presence of OMADS5 caused short sepal/petal formation. When OMADS5 was absent, cells could proliferate, resulting in the possible formation of large lips and the conversion of the sepal/petal into lips in peloric mutants. Further analysis indicated that only ectopic expression of OMADS8 but not OMADS5/9 caused the conversion of the sepal into an expanded petal-like structure in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants.
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Petal
MADS-box
Perianth
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Petal
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The occurrence of aberrant numbers of floral parts in Silene coeli-rosa was most frequent at high and low temperatures but was not obviously correlated with effectiveness of floral induction or with the growth rate of the flower. The stamens were more often aberrant than the other floral whorls. Aberrations seemed to occur independently in the different floral whorls, except in the case of the sepals and petals, since almost half the plants with aberrant numbers of sepals showed the same aberration in the petals. The findings are considered in relation to normal flower development.
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Caryophyllaceae
Silene
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Abstract In this study, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ‘Xanthi’) ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNA (NtAGP) was isolated from a flower bud cDNA library and the role of NtAGP in the growth of the floral organ was characterized. The expression of NtAGP was high in the sepal, moderate in the carpel and stamen, and low in the petal tissues. NtAGP-antisense plants produced flowers with abnormal petal limbs due to the early termination of the expansion growth of the petal limbs between the corolla lobes. Microscopic observation of the limb region revealed that cell expansion was limited in NtAGP-antisense plants but that cell numbers remained unchanged. mRNA levels of NtAGP, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity, and starch content in the sepal tissues of NtAGP-antisense plants were reduced, resulting in significantly lower levels of sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in the petal limbs. The feeding of these sugars to flower buds of the NtAGP-antisense plants restored the expansion growth in the limb area between the corolla lobes. Expansion growth of the petal limb between the corolla lobes was severely arrested in ‘Xanthi’ flowers from which sepals were removed, indicating that sepal carbohydrates are essential for petal limb expansion growth. These results demonstrate that NtAGP plays a crucial role in the morphogenesis of petal limbs in ‘Xanthi’ through the synthesis of starch, which is the main carbohydrate source for expansion growth of petal limbs, in sepal tissues.
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Sexual reproduction in flowering plants depends on the evocation of flowers, which, in general, consist of four whorls of organs: sepals, petals, anthers, and pistil. Sepals and petals can be regarded as initially protective organs. During the first stage of floral development, meiosis occurs in the anthers and the pistil while these organs are still enclosed by the sepals. Petals, the organs of the second whorl of the floral meristem, start developing toward the end of meiosis. Their growth coincides with the formation of the anther filaments and the stem of the pistil. Finally, during flower maturation, the petals unfold to perform asecond function in plants pollinated by insects or birds: their color serves as a flash signal to attract pollinators, and their structure serves as a landing place. Here, we will describe one aspect of petal development, the coordinated expression of the color genes whose combined activities produce the visual signals that attract pollinators to flowers.
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Sepal
Paeonia lactiflora
Petal
Herbaceous plant
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Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus Britton & Rose) is one type of cactus plant which is very potential as an ornamental plant and edible fruit. Flower is organ that play an important role in the process of breeding plants generatively. This reasearch aimed to study the anatomical structure of sepals and petals of red dragon fruit plants during flower development. The research stages included: sepals and petals sampling that held at various stages of flowering ; morphological observation (measurement length of sepals and petals); anatomical slides of sepals and petals cross section using the embedding method, anatomical observation and image capture of sepals and petals. The parameters observed were bud size, sepal length, petal length, sepal thickness, petal thickness, and tissue description composed. The results of this study indicated that buds have an increased development pattern. The increase in bud size is directly proportional to the stage of the bud. Sepal and petal are composed of epidermal tissue which form papillae, cryptophore stomata, secretory parenchyma space containing mucus, and tissues transport system is closed collateral.
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Pedicel
Bud
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Dendrobium Sonia Earsakul is a purple-flower orchid with a white base of the sepals and petals. To improve flower color using metabolic engineering, the molecular basis of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis is required. In this study, we analyzed the expression profiles of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene in the sepals and petals at different flower developmental stages. The RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of the DFR gene in the sepals and petals was developmentally regulated and corresponded to anthocyanin accumulation. No transcript of DFR was detected in either the sepals or petals at the fullyopened flower stage. The regulation of the DFR expression was different between the sepals and petals at the early and late stages of flower development. In the white tissues of the petals of the flower buds, the expression of the DFR gene was repressed and low levels of anthocyanins were detected. This indicates that the purple and white tissues of the D. Sonia Earsakul petals are attributed to differential regulation of the DFR expression.
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Petal
White (mutation)
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