Hubungan Kondisi Lingkungan Rumah Susun dengan Prevalensi Penyakit Respirasi Kronis di Jakarta
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Faecal samples (550) from equines were examined in central zone of Kashmir valley from September 2009 to July 2010 and 95.09% were found positive for ova of one or other gastrointestinal helminths. Nematodes were most prevalent helminths (95.09%) followed by cestodes (1.45%). Among nematodes Cyathostomes were found to be the most prevalent (94.72%), followed by Strongylus spp.(81.09%), Triodontophorus spp. (60.90%), Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (13.09%), Oxyuris equi (8.18%), Strongyloides westeri (6.90%) and Parascaris equorum (4.36%). The seasonal analysis exhibited highest infection (100%) in spring followed by 99% in summer, 94.66% in autumn and 88% in winter with nonsignificant variation. The overall prevalence of mixed infection was 91.45%. The overall mean intensity of infection was 1546.45±345.47. Highest mean intensity was recorded in spring followed by autumn summer and minimum in winter. There was nonsignificant variation in incidence and intensity of infection among different types of equines. Similarly, incidence and intensity of infection remained marginally higher in young ones and in females. Different genera of strongyle worms identified on coproculture were Cyathostomum spp. (62.00%) followed by Triodontophorus spp. (8.00%), Gyalocephalus spp. (7.33%), Strongylus vulgaris (6.00%), Strongylus edentatus (4.00%), Trichostrongylus axei (4.00%), Poteriostomum spp. (3.00%) and Oesophagodontus spp. (3.00%).
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The parasitic investigation was carried out in 200 Axis deer of scrub forest of Borgaon Manju in Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra and revealed the presence of Strogylides sp., Strogyle sp.,Trichostrogylus sp, Trichuris sp., Oesophagosomum sp. Total 89.05% animal were positive for parasites representing Strogyloides(31.50%),Strogyles sp(20.00%),Haemonchus sp.(13.80%), Trichostrongylus(11.50%), Trichuris(8.50%), and Bunostomum sp.(4.00%). The incidence was highest in winter season followed by rainy season.
Trichuris
Trichostrongylus
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The pattern of the incidence of parasites in organized and unorganized equine practices was assessed by faecal and blood examination. The infection rate was more in unorganized husbandry than the organized one. In both the cases, Strongylus sp. was the major parasitic infection with highest incidence of 57.81 % in unorganized sector. Coproculture revealed S. equinus. S.edentatus. S.vulgaris. Tridontophorus sp ., Oesophagodontus sp. and Gyalocephalus sp. larva. Trichonema sp. (15.63%). Paramphistomes sp.(7.81 %), Trichostrongylus sp.( 6.25%), Parascaris equorum (3.54%). Oxyuris equi (2.83% and 0.78%), Anoplocephala sp. (2.12%) and Eimeria leuckerti ( 1.41 %) infections were also recorded.
Trichostrongylus
Animal Husbandry
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Incidence of helminth parasites in goats and sheep was reported in Bilhaur area of Kanpur, U.P. during the period from Feb., 2000 to Feb., 2005. The survey was conducted in the slaughter houses, meat and mutton shops in different seasons. Various organs were investigated and faecal samples were collected to know the incidence of parasitic infestations. Out of 280 slaughtered goats and 280 slaughtered sheep, only 93 goats and 96 sheep were found infected with various helminth parasites, however Moniezia sp. (9.28% in goat and 8.57% in sheep) was found to be the most commonly occurring endoparasite in both goats and sheep. The other major type of infections Fasciola sp., Dicrocoelium sp., Avitellina sp., Stilesia sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichuris sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Haemonchus sp. were found with prevalence of 4.28, 2.85, 5.37, 1.42, 2.14, 3.57, 1.07 and 3.21 per cent respectively in goat. In case of sheep these species were 5.35, 2.50, 5.35, 1.78, 2.85, 3.21, 1.78 and 2.85 per cent respectively. The overall rate of infections was much higher in sheep (34.28%) than goats (33.21%). The incidence was highest in rainy season and lower in winter season and moderate in spring and summer seasons.
Fasciola
Trichuris
Strongyloides
Oesophagostomum
Wet season
Trichostrongylus
Prevalence
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Strongyloides
Fasciola
Prevalence
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The endoparasites of horses and donkeys of different ages from the Konya region in Turkey, between May 2003 and June 2005 were determined. The samples of fresh faeces were collected from 111 horses and 81 donkeys and sent to diagnostic laboratories for the examination by floatation, sedimentation, and Baermann-Wetzel methods. In addition, faecal cultures were prepared for the differentiation of larvae of Strongylidae. Parasites were encountered in 100% of horses and donkeys. Among the parasites determined in horses, the prevalence of Strongylidae, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westeri, Fasciola sp., Anoplocephalidae, Oxyuris equi, Trichuris sp., Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Eimeria leucarti, and Eimeria sp. was 100%, 10.81%, 7.2%, 3.6%, 2.7%, 1.8%, 0.9%, 0.9%, 4.5%, and 12.61%, respectively. In donkeys, the prevalence of Strongylidae, S. westeri, P. equorum, Fasciola sp., Anoplocephalidae, Oxyuris equi, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Eimeria leucarti, and other Eimeria sp. was 100%, 12.34%, 9.8%, 6.17%, 6.17%, 1.23%, 1.23%, 3.7%, and 22.22%, respectively. According to faecal cultures, the prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus edentatus, Trichonema sp., Triodontophorus sp., and Poteriostomum sp. was 31.53%, 17.11%, 58.55%, 6.3%, and 5.40% in horses, respectively, and 23.45%, 14.81%, 74.07%, 4.93%, and 2.46% in donkeys, respectively.
Strongyloides
Fasciola
Trichuris
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Investigation on the influence of season on the prevalence of helminthic infection among cattle and buffaloes indicated that the over all prevalence of parasitic infection was 336 (42.0%) out of 800 faecal samples. The highest incidence was observed by amphistomes 180 (22.5%) followed by coccidia 65 (8.1%), strongyles 61 (7.6%) and fasciola 30 (3.8%). The incidence of parasitic infection was higher in monsoon season as compared to that of summer and winter.
Fasciola
Coccidia
Prevalence
Winter season
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Faecal samples from mithun of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Systematic studies on the incidence of intestinal parasites in mithun (irrespective of strain) revealed that the number of animals found positive for parasitic infections was 70.27%. Overall incidence of different parasites recorded was strongyles (54.05%), coccidian sp. (13.51%), Fasciola sp., Fascioloides sp. and Dictyocaulus sp. (10.81%), Schistosoma bovis (5.40%), Schistosoma indicum (2.70%) and Paramphistomum sp. and Moniezia expansa (5.40%). When the incidence of parasitic infections was compared, the mithuns from Nagaland were found to be 100% infected followed by those from Mizoram (66.70%), Manipur (60.00%) and Arunachal Pradesh (55.60%). The rate of infection was found to be higher in young animals (1-3 months) and the parasites mostly recorded in young animals were Eimeria sp., Strongyloidespapillosus and Toxocara vitulorum.
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The faeces of 464 horses and 110 donkeys were cOllected and examined by the flotation, sedimentation and Baermenn-Wetzel methods in a parasitology laboratory. The examinations showed that 327 of 464 (70.5%) horses and 85 of 110 (77.3%) donkeys were infected with the following species: in horses, Strongylidae sp. 62.7%, Strongyloides westeri 5.8%, Parascaris equorum 3.2%, Anoplocephalidae sp. 2.4 %, Fasciola hepatica 0.9%, Oxyuris equi 0.6%, and Paranoplocephala mamillana 0.2%; and in donkeys; Strongylidae sp. 72.7%, Strongyloides westeri 13.6%, Parascaris equorum 2.7%, Fasciola hepatica 0.9%, Oxyuris equi 0.9% and Dicrocoelium dendriticum 0.9%.
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Fasciola
Parasitology
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This study was conducted from October, 2010 to April, 2011 in and around Bahir Dar to identify the major gastrointestinal helminthes of donkeys and mules, to estimate prevalence of these parasites and their burden on equines. A total of 384 faecal samples (212 donkeys and 172 mules) were collected randomly for qualitative and quantitative faecal analyses. The overall prevalence of different parasites was found to be 88.21% in donkeys and 77.91% in mules. In the study area, 94.1% of donkeys and 84.33% of mules harbored two or more types of parasites (mixed infection). The parasites encountered in both donkeys and mules in the study period were strongyles species (65.09% and 66.28%), Trichostrongylus axei (42.45% and 31.97%), Triodontophorus spp. (36.32% and 33.72%), Trichonema spp.(34.91% and 37.79%), Parascaris equorum (13.68% and 10.46%), Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (22.17% and 8.14%), Anoplocephala (23.12% and 16.86%) and Fasciola spp.(17.92% and 13.95%), respectively. The prevalence of all identified parasites were statistically significant (p<0.05) between female and male donkeys. The prevalence of strongyles, T. axei, Triodontophorus, Trichonema, and P. equorum was statistically significant (p<0.05) among age groups of donkeys, but Anoplocephala and Fasciola was not. In mules, the prevalence of strongyles, Triodontophorus and Trichonema was statistically significant (p<0.05), but the prevalence of T. axei, P. equorum, D. arnfieldi, Anoplocephala, and Fasciola was not. The body condition score was negatively correlated (r=-0.664 for donkeys and r=-0.637 for mules, respectively) with total eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). The findings of the present study indicated a high prevalence of helminthic parasites compromising the health and welfare of equines. Sustainable prevention and control methods should be developed to prevent the burden of gastrointestinal helminthes of equines in and around Bahir Dar.Key words: Bahir Dar, donkeys, Ethiopia, gastrointestinal helminthes, mules, prevalence
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