Review for "Chemogenetic manipulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis counteracts social behavioral deficits induced by early life stress in C57BL/6J mice"
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Abstract Aims Thermoregulatory responses in homeothermic animals, including humans, are classified into involuntary autonomous and voluntary behavioral thermoregulatory responses. Although behavioral thermoregulatory responses are probably driven by positive (pleasant) and/or negative (unpleasant) emotions, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the induction of negative emotions by hot and cold environments remain poorly understood. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is a brain region implicated in stress responses and negative emotions, such as fear, anxiety, and aversion. Various stimuli that cause negative emotions, such as immobilization stress, fox odor, gastric distension, and inflammatory pain, increase noradrenaline release in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, especially in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It has been reported that the negative emotional component of pain is mediated by noradrenergic neurotransmission in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. However, the role of intra‐ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis noradrenergic neurotransmission in the induction of negative emotion by exposure to hot and cold environments remains to be elucidated. For the first step to address this issue, the effects of hot and cold environments on noradrenaline release in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were examined. Methods In vivo microdialysis analyses in unanesthetized, freely moving male Sprague‐Dawley rats were performed to examine hot and cold environments‐induced noradrenaline release in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Results Exposure to hot (38°C) and cold (8°C) environments significantly increased noradrenaline release in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Conclusions The results suggest that exposure to hot and cold environments enhances noradrenergic neurotransmission in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which may induce negative emotion, and thereby drive avoidance behaviors, that is, escape from hot and cold environments.
Extended amygdala
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Extended amygdala
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Oxytocin receptor
Septal nuclei
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Extended amygdala
Basolateral amygdala
Septal nuclei
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Extended amygdala
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Extended amygdala
Ventral pallidum
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Neurons, containing GABA were visualised immunohistochemically in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Young prepubertal (20 days of age) and postpubertal (3 months and 1 year of age) Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Quantitative studies revealed greater density of GABA-immunoreactive perikarya in female than in male bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. This difference was not due to distribution in different volumes, since the volumes of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the three ages studied did not differ by gender. Castration of new-born male rats caused elevation of the density of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to female levels on the third month of life. The percentage of nerve cells, expressing detectable amounts of GABA increased with age in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The sexual dimorphism of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis may contribute to the formation of reproductive behavior. The elevation of GABA expression with age might reflect change of the cellular activity in this part of the limbic circuitry.
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Preoptic area
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
Chorale will delight audiences of all
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working at an extremely high
musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
singing that will take you to new
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