This is the Big Leagues” Charter-Led Turnaround in a Non-Charter World
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As part of a wide-ranging school reform package, Tennessee's First to the Top Act of 2010 created a new state-run Achievement School District (ASD) to oversee and turn around chronically low-performing schools.These schools in the bottom 5% on state accountability measures were removed from the control of their local education agencies and placed under the purview of the ASD, with the ambitious goal of bringing them into the top 25% of performance within fi ve years.The ASD's primary approach to school turnaround was to woo high-quality charter management organizations (CMOs) and other nongovernmental organizations to run its schools, located mostly in and around Memphis.This approach was inspired by the "portfolio management" model of governance, in which the role of the district shifts from providing direct guidance and supervision of schools toward managing a portfolio of schools run by independent organizations, typically within a framework of school choice.ASD leaders worked diligently to replicate the kind of institutional environment that charters have EXECUTIVE SUMMARY KEY FINDINGS• Due to the rules of neighborhood enrollment, ASD operators had to cope with a steady fl ow of new students throughout the school year, signifi cantly weakening their ability to hone in on the learning challenges of a stable corps of students.• Poverty, policy, and other systemic barriers to choice meant that many ASD students simply attended the school in closest proximity to their home and did not engage in an active selection process.ASD operators could not assume a student body whose families had made a conscious decision to attend their school.• The extreme levels of special needs students, the funding model, the diffi culty of leveraging economies of scale, and the perceived lack of strong external service providers, has made delivery of special education services a daunting challenge for ASD operators.• The delicate coexistence with SCS eroded operators' control over their environment, and required them to make painful accommodations to political resistance from a wary community.• Operators have responded to the challenges of the ASD environment with more sophisticated schoollevel designs that included instructional adaptations, computer-assisted learning, additional wraparound services, and new strategies for communicating with parents and building community trust.June 2016 | 2 found conducive to their growth and development in other settings, including efforts to maximize operator autonomy, push down per pupil funding, and enable families to more effectively select among schools.Still, certain policy constraints, such as limits on school choice, were beyond the ASD's authority or ability to change.Furthermore, the ASD was committed to managing turnaround within a traditional system of neighborhood school enrollment.High-profi le CMOs have historically been reluctant to embrace school turnaround or operate in institutional environments that differ substantially from their usual circumstances.The ASD represents a signifi cant and muchwatched effort to turn that tide.While the turnaround conditions here may have given pause to some CMOs, the ASD also presented them with a rare opportunity to prove their mettle in a district where the leaders were strongly committed to their success and aligned to the same managerial principles.This paper, based primarily on 140 interviews with leaders of the ASD and nine charters or independent operators, describes the turnaround environment and policy context of the ASD.It discusses how these circumstances replicate or depart from the more typical charter experience, the challenges that emerged, and how operators have responded to them.In general, four years of experience with the ASD have revealed daunting challenges.While charter operators were not naïve about the conditions in the ASD, many did not fully anticipate how much these differences would infl uence their instructional and organizational designs, expand their mission, and require complex adaptations.The main fi ndings of the paper are summarized below.Challenges of Neighborhood Enrollment and Constrained School Choice Tennessee legislation required ASD schools to recruit students within the boundaries of the school's neighborhood attendance areas, or from other lowperforming priority schools.The rules of zoned neighborhood enrollment restricted charters' usual ability to draw from a broad pool of families.But at least as importantly, these rules also removed a signifi cant mechanism that many charters use to create stability in their schools: control over the timing of student entry.The circumstances of high mobility that are common in poor neighborhood schools left operators to cope with new and unfamiliar students throughout a school year, and signifi cantly weakened their ability to hone in on the learning challenges of a stable corps of students over an extended period of time.Charters in the ASD needed elaborate and multifaceted strategies to deal with this transience and a wider spectrum of student experiences and academic needs.High-profi le CMOs have historically been reluctant to embrace school turnaround or operate in institutional environments that differ substantially from their usual circumstances.The ASD represents a signifi cant and much-watched effort to turn that tide.New major leagues have sprung up throughout the history of baseball, both long-term successes (the American and National leagues), and the transitory, of which the Federal League (1914-15) and the Mexican League (1946) were two. Some leagues were born of noble motives (the Union Association, 1884, to abolish the reserve clause); others, farcical (the Global League, 1969). And many were stillborn, never playing that first inning (such as the Continental League, 1959-60). Here is their history, and an analysis of the conditions that determined their success or failure.
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The Japanese Professional Football League (J-league) was established in 1993. Based on individual level data, this study investigated how emergence of the league affected Japanese people playing football using the differences-in-differences method. The following main findings were obtained. (1) In areas where a J-League team’s home town was located, people were more likely to play football after emergence of the J-League than before it emerged. (2) There was a positive effect of the J-league on people who were younger and older than 25 years old between 1991 and 1996. (3) Between 1991 and 2006, this positive effect persisted and increased for younger people, while it disappeared for older people.
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"The Great Baseball Revolt: The Rise and Fall of the 1890 Players League, by Robert B. Ross." The International Journal of the History of Sport, 34(3-4), pp. 292–293
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The Negro Leagues Newly Incorporated into Major League BaseballAn Examination of Their Strength and an Evaluation of the Unification William Wise (bio) 1. introduction In December 2020 Major League Baseball (MLB) acknowledged that seven of the Negro Leagues were, indeed, major leagues. The seven specific leagues and their active years are as follows: 1. Negro National League I (NNLI) 1920– 31 2. Eastern Colored League (ECL) 1923– 28 3. American Negro League (ANL) 1929 4. Negro Southern League (NSL) 1932 season 5. Negro East- West League (NEWL) 1932 6. Negro National League II (NNLII) 1933– 48 7. Negro American League (NAL) 1937– 48 This study explores the strength of the Negro Leagues incorporated into MLB versus that of the National League (NL) and the American League (AL). To this end two methods are employed: (1) a statistical comparison of eleven seasons between the two sets of leagues and (2) an examination of one hundred and three specific games played between teams from the two sets of leagues. Though nonnumeric evidence is scrutinized the aforementioned points show that Negro Leagues were justifiably incorporated into MLB. 2. a multiyear statistical comparison of negro leagues versus the national league and the american league Based on the idea of Puerzer (2020)1 this section compares the overall records of the Negro Leagues that played between 1920 and 1948 to the National League [End Page 60] (NL) and the American League (AL).2,3 Statistics are pulled from eleven of the most significant seasons of Negro League Baseball between the years of 1920 and 1948. The years examined in the study are 1920, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1932, 1937, 1938, 1943, and 1947. The years 1920 and 1932 have significant data for them, so high- level “independent” teams are also included in the analyses. 2.1 Batting Statistics Nineteen twenty- four is the first season explored without considering independent teams. The Seamheads website has statistics for 967 games played by teams in the Negro National League I (NNLI) and the Eastern Colored League (ECL), which is 39.3 percent of the total number of the 2,462 NL and AL games played that season. Following Puerzer (2020) the batting averages (BAs) of the players with at least forty plate appearances are first inspected. In the NNLI and ECL in 1924 there were a total of 217 such players while in the NL and AL the total was 328 players.4 For the 217 NNLI/ECL players the average BA was .262875, and the equivalent average for the NL/AL was .263649. The standard deviations (SDs), a measure of the spread of the data, of the two sets of BAs are 0.058566 and 0.057854, respectively. The t-distribution is used to compare the two BA averages. See the appendix for a short description of statistical tests and those used in this paper. Welch’s t-test results conclude that there is no significant difference (at a 10 percent level) between the two averages of BAs. Another way of thinking of the outcome is that if one decides that there is a difference between the two BA averages there is a greater than 10 percent chance of being wrong.5 Thus the conclusion is that there is no such difference. See tables 1 and 2 for the results for all years and tests performed for batting statistics. To further compare the NNLI and ECL with the NL and AL the slugging percentages (SLGs) for the 217 and 328 players are investigated next. The averages of the two sets of SLGs are .353521 and .354217, respectively, whereas the two SDs are 0.108773 and 0.100458, respectively. As with the BAs, the outcome of Welch’s t-test shows there is no significant difference (at a 10 percent level) between the two averages of SLGs. The t-distribution is not the only statistical test that can be utilized. A two- tailed Z-test can be employed to compare BAs because they are proportions. For this test, rather than the average of the 217 and 328 BAs, the test considers the total overall BA of each set of players. For the 217 players in the...
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How to capture the fulcrum of the Youth League branch′s work at colleges and universities and how to fully exert the positive role of the university Youth League branch have become the important issue which the Youth League confronts and have to be solved urgently.Based on the elaboration of the relationship between the Party,the League and the classes,this paper offers some operable and practical proposals on the university Youth League′s work by taking such measures as highlighting the advantages of the Youth League′s function and carrying out its growing plan,in order to build the university Youth League branch into the firm fighting bastion for the Youth League members′ growth,development and achievement.
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The Japanese Professional Football League (J-league) was established in 1993. Based on individual level data, this study investigated how emergence of the league affected Japanese people playing football using the differences-in-differences method. The following main findings were obtained. (1) In areas where a J-League team’s home town was located, people were more likely to play football after emergence of the J-League than before it emerged. (2) There was a positive effect of the J-league on people who were younger and older than 25 years old between 1991 and 1996. (3) Between 1991 and 2006, this positive effect persisted and increased for younger people, while it disappeared for older people.
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One of the first minor leagues in history, the Western League (previously the Northwestern League) was founded by Ban Johnson in 1885 and was the predecessor of today's American League. The Western League endured a season to season existence until Johnson created the American League and the Western continued to be a part of the minors, employing such future Hall of Famers as Charles Comiskey, Dizzy Dean, and Connie Mack. The league's demise in the minors came in the 1950s, but it was revived in 1995 as an independent league on the West Coast with no relation to the majors. This work begins with an introduction to the Western League and documents the history of the Western and the American leagues from 1885 to 1999. Included are photographs of teams and players who participated in the league and in-depth team and individual player statistics.
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Purpose: This article presents data challenging the widely held but untested view that concurrently playing mid-week Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Europa League matches adversely affects domestic league performance. Method: Over 16 seasons we compared next-season domestic league performance of the two highest finishing UEFA Europa League qualifying clubs with the two highest finishing non-qualifiers in England and Spain. Results: Clubs concurrently playing UEFA Europa League football showed significantly superior domestic league performance including wins, losses, goals, goal difference and points tally. The number of European matches played was not related to domestic league performance. Conclusions: The absence of prior rigorous analysis including appropriate comparison data has led to the proliferation of a widespread confirmatory bias, defined as the tendency to seek out evidence that backs one’s hunches and to ignore evidence that contradicts them. Based on our evidence, football professionals, journalists, pundits, and fans should consider the UEFA Europa League competition more favorably.
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
Chorale will delight audiences of all
ages with a diverse mix of classic and
contemporary pieces. The ChoraleAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂs
performances have been described
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aim to make the audience feel,
to be moved, to be part of the
performance - and all this while
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musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
singing that will take you to new
heights!
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