ESTIMATION OF RESIDENTIAL IMPERVIOUS SURFACE USING GIS TECHNIQUE
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Urban impervious surface in the form of rooftops, street pavement, parking lots, etc. is an important contributor to water pollution, urban heat island, flash floods and other environmental degradations. While studies on the extent of impervious surface are common in advanced countries, few have been carried out in developing countries. This paper discusses a study on the nature of impervious surface coverage in a southern city in Malaysia. The study focuses on impervious surface in several residential areas, looking at the relationship between impervious surface and housing density as well as the source of the surface. Remote sensing images combined with some GIS techniques were employed for this purpose. The percentage o[ impervious surface measured ranged from 40-95%, well above the values indicated from similar studies overseas. While density was a factor in the amount of impervious surface, it was not the only factor. Other factors such as policies on impervious surface control were also important as illustrated by comparison of the results of this study to similar studies reported in the USA. Based on these findings, the paper offersseveral steps towards reduction of impervious sw'face in residential areas.Keywords:
Impervious surface
Urban area
Impervious surface
Bioretention
Low-impact development
First flush
Urban runoff
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For additional information, contact: Director, New York Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey425 Jordan Rd Troy, NY 12180 (518) 285-5695 http://ny.water.usgs.gov/ A precipitation-runoff model, HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran), of a 41.7 square mile part of the Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, in central New York, was developed and calibrated to predict the hydrological effects of future suburban development on streamflow, and the effects of stormwater detention on flooding of Ninemile Creek at Camillus. Development was represented in the model in two ways: (1) as a pervious area (open and residential land) that simulates the hydrologic response from mixed pervious and impervious areas that drain to pervious areas, or (2) as an impervious area that drains to channels. Simulations indicate that peak discharges for 30 non-winter storms in 1995-96 would increase by an average of 10 to 37 percent in response to a 10- to 100-percent buildup of developable land represented as open/residential land and by 40 to 68 percent in response to 10 to 100 percent buildup of developable area represented as impervious area. A 10 to 100 percent buildup of developable area represents an impervious area of about 1 to 7 percent of the watershed. A log Pearson Type-III analysis of peak annual discharge for October 1989 through September 1996 for simulations with full development represented as impervious area indicates that stormflows that formerly occurred once every 2 years on average will occur once every 1.5 years, and stormflows that formerly occurred once every 5 years will occur once every 3.3 years.Simulations of a hypothetical 147-acre residential development in the lower part of the watershed with and without stormwater detention indicate that detention basins could cause either increase or decrease downstream flooding of Ninemile Creek at Camillus, depending on the basin.s available storage relative to its inflows and, hence, the timing of its peak outflow in relation to that of the peak discharge in Ninemile Creek; and the degree of flow retention by wetlands and other channel storage that affect the timing of peak discharges. Design and management of detention basins in the watershed will require analysis of each basin.s hydraulic characteristics and location relative to Ninemile Creek to predict their effect on downstream flooding. The runoff model described herein can be used to evaluate alternative detention basin designs and locations.
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Low-impact development
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Practitioners responsible for the design of urban stormwater management practices rely heavily on estimates of total impervious area (TIA) in a watershed. However, the most important parameter in determining actual urban runoff is “effective” impervious area (EIA), or the portion of TIA that is hydraulically connected to the storm sewer system. Knowledge of EIA is critical in rainfall-runoff modeling. The incorrect use of TIA instead of EIA in urban hydrologic modeling leads to an overestimation of runoff volumes and rates, and the best method for quantifying EIA in urban watersheds is the analysis of rainfall-runoff data sets, because it is based on observed data. In this study, the rainfall-runoff data analysis method was improved to decrease the uncertainty of EIA estimates. The improved method is based on successive weighted least square regression analysis. This method was applied to 9 urban watersheds with different sizes and characteristics in the Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), Minnesota. A procedure in ArcGIS was developed and applied to the study sites to un-shade the impervious surfaces that have been obscured by tree canopy. After modifying land cover layers, TIA was calculated in the watersheds of study in order to determine the ratio of “EIA/TIA”. The results were used to show the importance of EIA in urban runoff modeling and evaluate the potential and the limitations of the proposed method. The method provides a better understanding of the runoff generation mechanisms in urban watersheds, reduces the uncertainty of EIA estimates and produces more accurate results that can be used to verify other EIA estimation techniques (e.g. GIS methods).
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Low-impact development
Urban area
Urban runoff
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Simulated results from many urban runoff models are sensitive to the value used for impervious area. This paper explores the use of effective impervious area versus total impervious area for input to these models. Total impervious areas may be appropriate for black-box models but not for deterministic models. Potential problems of using total impervious area in deterministic models include that (1) runoff volumes and peak flows may be substantially overestimated for ungaged watersheds, (2) simulated changes in runoff due to increasing intensity of land use are likely to be smaller if total impervious area is used rather than effective impervious area, and (3) overestimates of infiltration parameters are likely if the model is calibrated using total impervious area and measured runoff data. Impervious-area data collected from 19 urban watersheds in the Denver metropolitan area showed strong relationships between effective impervious area, total impervious area, and land use.
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Urban area
Infiltration (HVAC)
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Understanding spatio-temporal changes of urban environments is essential for local planning and environmental management. In this study, Landsat TM/OLI images covering Luoyang region were used as the main data source. The method of spectral indices was used to extract impervious surfaces in 1990 and 2016. The results show that the area of impervious surfaces in Luoyang showed a rapid increase trend, from 62.77 km2 in 1990 (accounting for 7.79% of the total area of the study area) to 149.37 km2 in 2016 (accounting for 18.55%). Luolong District has the largest impervious surface area change, followed by Yibin Development Zone and Jianxi District, while old cities of Laocheng District, Xigong District and Chanhe District have not changed much. The establishment of Luolong New District in 2000 gradually shifted Luoyang's urban center from the north bank of Luohe River to the south bank, forming a rapid growth of urban construction land in Luolong District from 2000 to 2010. Old cities mainly expanded northward to varying degrees, and its road network has a rapid growth in the surrounding area. Yibin Development Zone was a remote, small population village in 1990, and recently it has become a new urban expansion area. The main driving forces of changes in impervious surfaces in Luoyang include natural and geographical conditions such as topography, and tourist resources, and the policy as one dominant factor controlling the spatial pattern of impervious surface expansions in Luoyang City.
Impervious surface
Urban area
Built-up area
Urban expansion
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Impervious surface
Urban Heat Island
Grid cell
Urban area
Land Cover
Sample (material)
Urban climatology
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Impervious surface
Urban Heat Island
Land Cover
Urban area
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Impervious surface
Urban Heat Island
Urban area
Urban expansion
Square (algebra)
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Abstract Effective impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area (TIA) that is hydraulically connected to the storm sewer system, is an important parameter in determining actual urban runoff. EIA has implications in watershed hydrology, water quality, environment, and ecosystem services. The overall goal of this study is to evaluate the application of successive weighted least square (WLS) method to urban catchments with different sizes and various hydrologic conditions to determine EIA fraction. Other objectives are to develop insights on the data selection issues, EIA fraction, EIA/TIA ratio, and runoff source area patterns in urban catchments. The successive WLS method is applied to 50 urban catchments with different sizes from less than 1 ha to more than 2000 ha in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Texas, USA as well as Europe, Canada, and Australia. The average, median, and standard deviation of EIA fractions for the 42 catchments with residential land uses are found to be 0.222, 0.200, and 0.113, respectively. These values for the EIA/TIA ratio in the same 42 catchments are 0.50, 0.48, and 0.21, respectively. While the EIA/TIA results indicate the importance of EIA, 95% prediction interval of the mean EIA/TIA is found to be 0.07 to 0.93, which shows that using an average value for this ratio in each land use to determine EIA from TIA in ungauged urban watersheds can be misleading. The successive WLS method was robust and is recommended for determining EIA in gauged urban catchments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impervious surface
Urban runoff
Urban area
Low-impact development
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Accompanying with the urban development, Man-made buildings and landscapes have decreased permeable surface, therefore, less rainwater can naturally go underground. It leads to serious urban rainwater runoff problems, which may become urban floods during a peak period of rain. The research set up to compare urban planning area to non-urban planning area. While there is lack of GIS geological data in countryside, it established a brand new method to evaluate the surface permeable ability in rural areas. This research placed emphasis on the “Percentage of Impervious Area(IMP)“ to explain the permeable ability in rural areas in Tainan. Based on the investigation models of 3 villages, Madou, Guantain, and Liujia, it built up an perfound and detailed local database. After investigating and analyzing surface permeability and IMP in each site, it shows that the percentage of impervious area in these three urban planning areas is 92.95％ in residential area, 100％ in commercial area, 93.87％ in industrial area, 34.03％ in parks, 43.69％ in schools, 93.26％ in government organizations and 88.26％ in public facilities. The other results, however, show that the percentage of impervious area in residential area which is outside the urban planning area is 75.74％. It is generally taken that the permeable ability in rural areas is better than that in city. Nevertheless, it turned out to be opposite. Finally, based on the investigation models in these three villages, Madou, Guantain, and Liujia, Both the average percentage of impervious area in urban planning areas and in non-urban planning areas are very high. It indicates the importance to raise water permeability in the non-urban planning area. Therefore, maintaining the original state of the ground surface, rather than extensively paving impervious concrete over, will be vital environmental issues in the countryside development.
Impervious surface
Urban area
Rainwater Harvesting
Residential area
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