Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer.
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In the 1950s evidence of an ongoing epidemic of lung cancer in the United States and Western Europe led researchers to examine the role of outdoor air pollution, which was considered by some to be a likely cause. Although epidemiologic research quickly identified the central role of cigarette smoking in this epidemic, and despite progress in reducing outdoor air pollution in Western industrialized countries, concerns that ambient air pollution is causing lung cancer have persisted to the present day. This concern is based on the fact that known carcinogens continue to be released into outdoor air from industrial sources, power plants, and motor vehicles, and on a body of epidemiologic research that provides some evidence for an association between outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. This article reviews the epidemiologic evidence for this association and discusses the limitations of current studies for estimating the lung cancer risk in the general population. It also identifies research needs and suggests possible approaches to addressing outstanding questions.Teaching epidemiology in and out of the classroom, J.H. Abramson teaching the reluctant student, C. du V. Florey principles of epidemiology study design and planning, A. Ahlbom data collection and processing, E. Schach preparing for statistical analysis, J. Olsen teaching statistical methods in epidemiology, D. Clayton clinical epidemiology, J.A. Baron epidemiology in health services research, R.D. Weir screening for cancer, N. Day cancer epidemiology, C.S. Muir psychiatric epidemiology, R. Fuhrer and E. Fombonne occupational epidemiology, F. Merletti and P. Comba epidemiology of coronary heart disease, P. Ducimetiere and A. Kalandidi epidemiology of ageing and diseases in the elderly, A. Hofman epidemiology of infectious diseases and the study of outbreaks, D. Reid teaching the practice of epidemiology, U. Brinkmann the epidemiology of tropical diseases, M.E. Wilson epidemiology of AIDS, D. Trichopoulos et al teaching oral and dental epidemiology, F. Scheutz and A. Sheiham pharmacoepidemiology, M.S. Porta and X. Carne teaching epidemiology in EC countries, S. Allwright and J. Pemberton application and teaching of epidemiology developments in the European region of the World Health Organization, M. Thuriaux.
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A brief summary of air pollution development on the island of Taiwan was presented. Four major factors have caused the air pollution concentration to increase: (1) the increase in the number of industries on the island; (2) the combustion of fuel oil, coal, and wood; (3) automobile exhaust emissions; and (4) high population density. The Bureau of Environmental Protection (BEP) under the Department of Health in the Executive Branch of the central government is empowered with overseeing environmental affairs and is responsible for enforcing and amending the environmental laws and regulations. Basically, the air pollution monitoring and control activities in Taiwan are in their preliminary stages. These developments have accomplished their goals of providing a general concept of air pollution status. The typical ambient air concentrations for dust, TSP, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, H/sub 2/S, NO/sub 2/, CO, and O/sub 3/ are given. 1 figure, 1 table. (DP)
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epiweek creates epidemiological week and equivalent epidemiological year from the calendar date. It extends the week function of Stata. Each epidemiological week begins on a Sunday and ends on Saturday. And the first epidemiological week of year ends on the first Saturday of January, provided that it falls at least four or more days into the month. epiweek2 converts epidemiological week and epidemiological year to the calendar date with the starting Sunday and the ending Saturday.
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Air pollution resulting from the combustion of fossil fuel is an environmental topic receiving global attention. In China, rapid economic development followed the economic reforms of 1978, especially during the two decades between 1978 and 1997. Meanwhile, serious air pollution problems were left outstanding. In recent decades, due to the various air pollution control measures adopted by the Chinese government, Chinese air quality has been ameliorated gradually. However, some research concerning air pollution indicates that it is still a serious problem in some regions of China. For example, the regions of north, northeast, and northwest China exhibit inhalable particles surpassing the Grade II standards of the Ambient Air Quality Standard generally, while acid rain is an environmental problem that has existed for a long time in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and parts of southwest China. Therefore, this review is organized according to the topographical characteristics of China. Typical cities are chosen to represent different regions, and the aspects of air pollution in these regions are discussed. The current state of air pollution, control measures, and effects of these control measures in these areas are introduced in this review.
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epiweek creates epidemiological week and equivalent epidemiological year from the calendar date. It extends the week function of Stata. Each epidemiological week begins on a Sunday and ends on Saturday. And the first epidemiological week of year ends on the first Saturday of January, provided that it falls at least four or more days into the month. epiweek2 converts epidemiological week and epidemiological year to the calendar date with the starting Sunday and the ending Saturday.
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Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, persistent organic pollutants, particulate matter, and heavy metals---air pollutants once thought to be problems that could be solved locally, where the effects occur---are all currently being discussed in international forums. A spate of meetings and agreements in recent months has shown many international governments to be more willing than ever to try to limit the amount of their air pollution that drifts into other countries. Prompting this policy shift are increasing emissions in some parts of the world, better monitoring, and an improved understanding of air pollution transport and the effects of air pollution. In most regions of the world, however, no international agreements on air pollution exist at all, while in others, many overlapping local, multilateral, and global agreements address the problem simultaneously. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution causes nearly 3 million deaths per year, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that ground-level ozone causes damage to U.S. crops totaling $1-2 billion each year.
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To evaluate the effects of outdoor air pollution, taking into account indoor air pollution, in Indonesia.The subjects were 15,242 children from 2002 to 2003 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The odds ratios and their confidence intervals for adverse health effects were estimated.Proximity increased the prevalence of acute respiratory infection both in urban and rural areas after adjusting for indoor air pollution. In urban areas, the prevalence of acute upper respiratory infection increased by 1.012 (95% confidence intervals: 1.005 to 1.019) per 2 km proximity to a major road. Adjusted odds ratios tended to be higher in the high indoor air pollution group.Exposure to traffic-related outdoor air pollution would increase adverse health effects after adjusting for indoor air pollution. Furthermore, indoor air pollution could exacerbate the effects of outdoor air pollution.
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Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, persistent organic pollutants, particulate matter, and heavy metals---air pollutants once thought to be problems that could be solved locally, where the effects occur---are all currently being discussed in international forums. A spate of meetings and agreements in recent months has shown many international governments to be more willing than ever to try to limit the amount of their air pollution that drifts into other countries. Prompting this policy shift are increasing emissions in some parts of the world, better monitoring, and an improved understanding of air pollution transport and the effects of air pollution. In most regions of the world, however, no international agreements on air pollution exist at all, while in others, many overlapping local, multilateral, and global agreements address the problem simultaneously. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution causes nearly 3 million deaths per year, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that ground-level ozone causes damage to U.S. crops totaling $1-2 billion each year.
Criteria air contaminants
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The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis, F. Schultz Larsen epidemiology of contract dermatitis, H.A. Smit and P.J. Coenraads epidemiology of urticaria, T. Schafer and J. Ring epidemiology of allergic rhinitis, B. Sibbald epidemiology of asthma, M.L. Burr epidemiology of allergic occupational lung diseases, K.M. Venables epidemiology of food related clinical symptoms in childhood, S. Strobel epidemiology of insect sting allergy, U.R. Muller epidemiology of allergic drug reactions, R. Hoigne, et al genetic aspects of atopy, W.O.C.M. Cookson epidemiology of factors which promote or protect against allergy, L. Nilsson and B. Bjorksten.
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