Correction: Exploring the 3D structure and defects of a self-assembled gold mesocrystal by coherent X-ray diffraction imaging
Jérôme CarnisFelizitas KirnerDmitry LapkinSebastian SturmYoung Yong KimIgor A. BaburinRuslan KhubbutdinovAlexandr IgnatenkoE. G. IashinaА. А. МистоновTristan SteegemansThomas WieckThomas GemmingAxel LubkSergey LazarevMichael SprungIvan A. VartanyantsElena V. Sturm
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Correction for ‘Exploring the 3D structure and defects of a self-assembled gold mesocrystal by coherent X-ray diffraction imaging’ by Jerome Carnis Keywords:
Coherent diffraction imaging
Gold standard (test)
When a sound beam is incident onto a periodically corrugated surface, diffraction of the incident sound will be generated. The major diffraction phenomenon, which can be well explained by the classical grating equation, can be easily observed and has been intensively studied. In this work, we report an observation of diffracted waves whose intensity is much weaker than the major diffraction, and who are not expected to appear in the diffraction field. This secondary diffraction can be experimentally observed in the general diffraction configuration as well as in the Bragg diffraction configuration. The analysis of the direction and frequency of the diffracted waves based on the classical grating equation suggests that this diffraction is originated from a propagating wave along the corrugated surface. Such a propagating wave is possibly the experimental evidence of the existence of surface acoustic wave on corrugated interface generated by diffraction.
Diffraction topography
Diffraction efficiency
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In medical literature, both 'gold standard' and 'golden standard' are employed to describe a reference test used for comparison with a novel method. The term 'gold standard' in its current sense in medical research was coined by Rudd in 1979, in reference to the monetary gold standard. In the same way that the monetary gold standard allowed for the comparison of different currencies, the medical gold standard allowed for the comparison of different diagnostic tests. Whereas the gold standard was never regarded as infallible, the incorrect term 'golden standard' implies a level of perfection that is unattainable in medical science. Consequently, the correct term should be 'gold standard'.
Gold standard (test)
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Coherent diffraction imaging
Ptychography
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Quantum ghost diffraction harnesses quantum correlations to record diffraction or interference features using photons that have never interacted with the diffractive element. By designing an optical system in which the diffraction pattern can be produced by double slits of variable width either through a conventional diffraction scheme or a ghost diffraction scheme, we can explore the transition between the case where ghost diffraction behaves as conventional diffraction and the case where it does not. For conventional diffraction the angular extent increases as the scale of the diffracting object is reduced. By contrast, we show that no matter how small the scale of the diffracting object, the angular extent of the ghost diffraction is limited (by the transverse extent of the spatial correlations between beams). Our study is an experimental realisation of Popper's thought experiment on the validity of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. We discuss the implication of our results in this context and explain that it is compatible with, but not proof of, the Copenhagen interpretation.
Coherent diffraction imaging
Ghost Imaging
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The strong prefield of the single-field condenser-objective permits the demagnified imaging of a small field-1imiting aperture stop and thus diffraction from small crystalline areas [1], An additional biprism within the field-1imiting aperture splits the beam, resulting in two coherent plane waves in the crystal plane. Both waves produce a diffraction pattern which, in principle, can--by properly adjusting the biprism-- be superposed coherently in such a way that every two spots of different diffraction order interfere (Fig. 1). This allows the phase determination of structure factors [2]. Quantitative considerations and difficulties are reported. In order to get sufficient information for the phases at least two exposures are needed with a relative translation of the source opposite to the crystal between them. Recently, encouraging light optical experiments have been performed with an extended source resulting in extended diffraction spots with intensity modulations (Fig. 2). The simplest model for explaining these modulations is shown in Fig. 3.
Aperture (computer memory)
Coherent diffraction imaging
Condenser (optics)
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We present a new method of modeling imaging of laser beams in the presence of diffraction. Our method is based on the concept of first orthogonally expanding the resultant diffraction field (that would have otherwise been obtained by the laborious application of the Huygens diffraction principle) and then representing it by an effective multimodal laser beam with different beam parameters. We show not only that the process of obtaining the new beam parameters is straightforward but also that it permits a different interpretation of the diffraction-caused focal shift in laser beams. All of the criteria that we have used to determine the minimum number of higher-order modes needed to accurately represent the diffraction field show that the mode-expansion method is numerically efficient. Finally, the characteristics of the mode-expansion method are such that it allows modeling of a vast array of diffraction problems, regardless of the characteristics of the incident laser beam, the diffracting element, or the observation plane.
Mode (computer interface)
Coherent diffraction imaging
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A gold standard is necessary to assess the validity of homeopathic symptoms. The gold standard is ‘cure’, but this is difficult to define, and depends on consensus. The likelihood ratio (LR) method will give valid results only if the gold standard is reliable. False positives (patients incorrectly classified as cured) weaken results of LR investigation. Weakening the standard to enlarge the research population will seriously bias the results. The same gold standard should be used in LR assessment of all symptoms.
Gold standard (test)
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Based on the partial coherence theory, this paper derives the formula of intensity and variance of diffraction from a screen with randomly- distributed holes. The diffraction characteristics of the screen are analysed in detail, and the effect of spatial characteristics of the source on diffractive image is discussed. It has been shown that the light intensity distribution of diffraction field depends on geometric characteristics of the holes and the screen, and shape and size of the light source as well. This paper also shows that under certain illumination, both average intensity and variance distributions in diffraction field will not change if the number or size of definitely-shaped holes in the screen randomly changes.
Intensity
Coherent diffraction imaging
Spatial coherence
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About 1% of diffraction images produced in coherent X-ray diffraction imaging experiments originate from a single particle of interest and only those images are suitable for structure reconstruction. Other images contain contributions from multiple particles, water or some contaminant. Selection of single particle images is required. A new classification method that is based on cross-correlation analysis were developed. The method was successfully applied to the experimental data, that contain diffraction images of the PBCV-1 virus and T4 bacteriophage. In this article we present classification results for diffraction images of seven biological particles with different symmetry. The results confirm the applicability of the proposed method for correct classification of diffraction images corresponding to different molecules. We also studied influence of particle symmetry type and volume of learning dataset to classification quality.
Coherent diffraction imaging
Particle (ecology)
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