Effect of High-intensity Training and Probiotics on Gut Microbiota Diversity in Competitive Swimmers: Randomized Controlled Trial
Viktor BielikIvan HricSimona UgrayováLibuša KubáňováMatúš PutalaĽuboš GrznárAdela PenesováAndrea HavranováSára ŠardzíkováMarián GrendárEva BaranovičováKatarína ŠoltýsMartin Kolísek
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Abstract Background Physical exercise has favorable effects on the structure of gut microbiota and metabolite production in sedentary subjects. However, little is known whether adjustments in an athletic program impact overall changes of gut microbiome in high-level athletes. We therefore characterized fecal microbiota and serum metabolites in response to a 7-week, high-intensity training program and consumption of probiotic Bryndza cheese. Methods Fecal and blood samples and training logs were collected from young competitive male ( n = 17) and female ( n = 7) swimmers. Fecal microbiota were categorized using specific primers targeting the V1–V3 region of 16S rDNA, and serum metabolites were characterized by NMR-spectroscopic analysis and by multivariate statistical analysis, Spearman rank correlations, and Random Forest models. Results We found higher α-diversity, represented by the Shannon index value (HITB-pre 5.9 [± 0.4]; HITB-post 6.4 [± 0.4], p = 0.007), (HIT-pre 5.5 [± 0.6]; HIT-post 5.9 [± 0.6], p = 0.015), after the end of the training program in both groups independently of Bryndza cheese consumption. However, Lactococcus spp . increased in both groups, with a higher effect in the Bryndza cheese consumers (HITB-pre 0.0021 [± 0.0055]; HITB-post 0.0268 [± 0.0542], p = 0.008), (HIT-pre 0.0014 [± 0.0036]; HIT-post 0.0068 [± 0.0095], p = 0.046). Concomitant with the increase of high-intensity exercise and the resulting increase of anaerobic metabolism proportion, pyruvate ( p [HITB] = 0.003; p [HIT] = 0.000) and lactate ( p [HITB] = 0.000; p [HIT] = 0.030) increased, whereas acetate ( p [HITB] = 0.000; p [HIT] = 0.002) and butyrate ( p [HITB] = 0.091; p [HIT] = 0.019) significantly decreased. Conclusions Together, these data demonstrate a significant effect of high-intensity training (HIT) on both gut microbiota composition and serum energy metabolites. Thus, the combination of intensive athletic training with the use of natural probiotics is beneficial because of the increase in the relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria.A four-pool, in vivo kinetic model (blood glucose and CO 2 and rumen propionate and CO 2 ) was proposed for propionate and glucose metabolism in Holstein steers. Two daily perturbations were 6.1 mol dietary propionate and 1.18 mol glucose excreted. Calculated solutions indicated 6.6 mol propionate added and 1.10 mol glucose excreted. Key words: Propionate, glucose, kinetics, modeling, cattle
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SUMMARY: The mechanism of propionate formation by two strains of Selenomonas ruminantium has been investigated using substrates specifically labelled by 14C. Both strains behaved similarly. When [2-14C] lactate was fermented, the label in propionate was completely randomized in carbons 2 and 3. When cells were grown on lactate in the presence of 14CO2, label was fixed exclusively into propionate carboxyl. The results are consistent with propionate being formed by the 'succinate' pathway.
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Propionate degradation was measured with [1- 14 C]- and [2- 14 C]propionate in an anaerobic digestor. When [1- 14 C]propionate was used, label disappeared more rapidly from the propionate pool than when [2- 14 C]propionate was used. This indicated that an exchange reaction involving the carboxyl group of propionate occurred. Labeled propionate added to digestor samples which were equilibrated with H 2 lost label from the carboxyl group but not from the methylene group.
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Baldwin , R. L. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), W. A. Wood, and R. S. Emery . Conversion of glucose-C 14 to propionate by the rumen microbiota. J. Bacteriol 85: 1346–1349. 1963.—Rumen microbiota enriched on three different diets calculated to present different levels of available carbohydrate were incubated with glucose-1-C 14 , glucose-2-C 14 , and glucose-6-C 14 to determine the contribution of the randomizing (succinate) and nonrandomizing (acrylate) routes to propionate. The propionate was labeled as though 70 to 100% was formed via the randomizing route and 0 to 30% via the nonrandomizing route. The contribution of the acrylate pathway increased with higher carbohydrate availability of the diet. These results are discussed with respect to earlier data using lactate-2-C 14 and lactate-3-C 14 , and a unifying concept for both sets of data is presented.
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Probiotic have long been applied to aquaculture and produce positive effects on fish and shrimp. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotic Bacillus NP5 to promote the growth of catfish (Clarias sp.). Five doses Bacillus NP5 with 3 replicates, namely 0% probiotic (control), 0.5 % probiotic, 1% probiotic, 1.5% probiotic and 2% probiotic (g/100 g feed) were used. The result showed that application of probiotic in catfish feed can promote better growth performance compared to control. Total digestibility and protease enzyme activites were significantly highest in 1% probiotic. The value of specific growth rate showed in 1% probiotic (2.67±0.18% day-1), followed by 2% probiotic (2.63±0.02% day-1), 1.5% probiotic (2.42±0.07% day-1), 0.5% probiotic (2.29±0.14% day-1) and control (1.60±0.01% day-1). The addition of 1% Bacillus NP5 as probiotic in catfish feed showed the best result on protease enzyme activities, protein digestibility, total digestibility, final weight, specific growth rate, weight gain, feed efficiency and, the protein efficiency ratio than other probiotic doses.
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