Phosphorus stress strongly reduced plant physiological activity, but only temporarily, in a mesocosm experiment with <i>Zea mays</i> colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Melanie S. VerlindenHamada AbdElgawadArne VenLore T. VerrycktSebastian WienekeIvan A. JanssensSara Vicca
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Abstract. Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and one of the least available nutrients in soil. P limitation is often a major constraint for plant growth globally. Although P addition experiments have been carried out to study the long-term effects on yield, data on P addition effects on seasonal variation in leaf-level photosynthesis are scarce. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be of major importance for plant nutrient uptake, and AMF growth may be important for explaining temporal patterns in leaf physiology. In a nitrogen (N) and P fertilization experiment with Zea mays, we investigated the effect of P limitation on leaf pigments and leaf enzymes, how these relate to leaf-level photosynthesis, and how these relationships change during the growing season. A previous study on this experiment indicated that N availability was generally high, and as a consequence, N addition did not affect plant growth, and also the leaf measurements in the current study were unaffected by N addition. Contrary to N addition, P addition strongly influenced plant growth and leaf-level measurements. At low soil P availability, leaf-level photosynthetic and respiratory activity strongly decreased, and this was associated with reduced chlorophyll and photosynthetic enzymes. Contrary to the expected increase in P stress over time following gradual soil P depletion, plant P limitation decreased over time. For most leaf-level processes, pigments and enzymes under study, the fertilization effect had even disappeared 2 months after planting. Our results point towards a key role for the AMF symbiosis and consequent increase in P uptake in explaining the vanishing P stress.Keywords:
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The fertilization of mixed forests of Castanopsis fissa and Pinus massoniana for 2 years was tested.The results showed that the plant height of C.fissa grew fastest which average plant height was 183.6cm with the basic fertilizer treatment,and higher than that with the top fertilization treatment and without fertilization 10.1cm and 22.1cm,respectively.The increase of diameter at ground level of C.fissa was the fastest with the basic fertilizer treatment which average diameter at ground level was 2.41cm,and faster growth than that with the top fertilization treatment and without fertilization at 0.07cm and 0.27cm,respectively.The plant height of P.massoniana growed fastest which average plant height was 158cm with the basic fertilizer treatment,and higher than that with the top fertilization treatment and without fertilization 7.6cm and 15.2cm,respectively.The increase of diameter at ground level of P.massoniana was the fastest with the basic fertilizer treatment which average diameter at ground level was 2.19cm,and faster growth than that with the top fertilization treatment and without fertilization at 0.1cm and 0.23cm,respectively.
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[Objective] The aim was to explore the higher yield optimal fertilization ratio and establish fertilization guidance mathematical model in ecological environment like Bijie City of Guizhou Province.[Method] Through tests of vegetable potato Xuanshu3 by3414 formula fertilization,analyzed the optimum ratio of fertilization.[Result] The results showed that the medium fertility tests applied N fertilizer 210.3 kg/hm2,the P fertilizer 36.3 kg/hm2,K fertilizer 413.1 kg/hm2,available potato 18 146.1 kg/hm2.Low fertility tests applied N fertilizer 117.15 kg/hm2,P fertilizer 79.8 kg/hm2,K fertilizer 191.55 kg/hm2,could obtain potato 18 610.35 kg/hm2.High fertility tests plots due to higher basic soil N content could meet the demand for potato growth stage of N elements,so no application.The best fertilization was applied P fertilizer 242.7 kg/hm2,K fertilizer 522.3 kg/hm2,could obtain the production of potato 18 648.15 kg/hm2.[Result] The results provided guidance to field production.
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The major light-harvesting complex (LHCIIb) of photosystem II can be reconstituted in vitro from its recombinant apoprotein in the presence of a mixture of carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b. By varying the chlorophyll a/b ratio in the reconstitution mixture, the relative amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyllb bound to LHCIIb can be changed. We have analyzed the chlorophyll stoichiometry in recombinant wild type and mutant LHCIIb reconstituted at different chlorophyll a/b ratios in order to assess relative affinities of the chlorophyll-binding sites. This approach reveals five sites that exclusively bind chlorophyllb. Another site exhibits a slight preference of chlorophyllb over chlorophyll a. The remaining six sites are filled preferentially with chlorophyll a but also tolerate chlorophyll b when this is offered at a large excess. Three of these chlorophyll a-affine sites could be assigned to distinct positions defined by the three-dimensional LHCIIb structure. Exclusive chlorophyll b sites complemented by chlorophyll a sites that are selective only to a certain extent are consistent with the observation that chlorophyllb but not chlorophyll a is essential for reconstituting stable LHCIIb. These data offer an explanation why a rather constant chlorophyll a/b ratio is observed in native LHCIIb despite the apparent promiscuity of some binding sites.
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The contents of flavonoids, chlorophyll and its composition, and carotenoids in Ginkgo biloba phyllome branch leaves were examined during the whole growth and development period of the leaves in 1999. The results indicated that the carotenoid content rose very quickly and reached the highest value on June 13, and then decreased. The decrease speeded up in the middle of Oct. The chlorophyll a content accounted for the majority of total chlorophyll content, with a much significant correlation (r=0.996 4 ** ) between them. Chlorophyll a/b value with a scope of 2.10～5.77 was higher in the early stage, then decreased, and finally remained at a relatively constant level from the middle of June. The change trend on the ratio of carotenoids and chlorophyll was opposite when it was compared with chlorophyll a/b value. There were significant negative correlations between the flavonoids and chlorophyll, and chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll a/b, and carotenoids apiece. However, only a negative significant correlation between the flavonoids and chlorophyll a/b existed with the help of partial correlation.
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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSIMILARITIES BETWEEN SO-CALLED CHLOROPHYLL B″ AND OXIDIZED CHLOROPHYLL B, AND BETWEEN SO-CALLED CHLOROPHYLL A″ AND OXIDIZED CHLOROPHYLL AHarold H. StrainCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 19, 5195–5196Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01624a090https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01624a090research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views51Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
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A quantitative estimate was made of the interference by chlorophyll b in the fluorometric determination of chlorophyll a using an Aminco-Bowman spectrofluorometer. The undegraded (or 'living') chlorophyll a concentration was underestimated by an amount equal to the concentration of chlorophyll b present. The value for chlorophyll a uncorrected for phaeophytin was increased by 30% of the chlorophyll b concentration. The acetone to water ratio was found to affect the acidification factor only at aqueous acetone concentrations above 90%. The need for standardization of solvent and wavelengths is discussed, and the implications of chlorophyll b occurring in marine samples are considered.
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[Objective] The actuality and problem in fertilizer application in Qujing County were discussed.[Method] The fertilizer type,amount of fertilizer application,soil type and ratio of N,P and K-fertilizer were analyzed combined with the soil condition to discuss the actuality and problem in fertilization.[Results] The result indicated that the method of fertilization was unreasonable for tobacco in Qujing county.The ratio of N,P and K input was unbalance,with low amount of P-fertilizer,especially in the lack of P-fertilizer in dressing.[Conclusion] It was significant in studying the fertilization for tobacco.
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SUMMARY The effects of aqueous SO 2 on chlorophyll breakdown in lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were determined under laboratory conditions. Aqueous SO 2 concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 ppm resulted in a sharp decrease in total chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll a was more sensitive to SO 2 than chlorophyll b. Quantitative determinations of various pigments suggested that's SO 2 causes the conversion of chlorophyll a into phaeophytin a (100–500 ppm SO 2 ) and chlorophyll b into chlorophyllide b (10–50 ppm SO 2 ). The suggested conversion of chlorophyll into chlorophyllide induced by SO 2 was supported by increased activity of pine needle chlorophyllase at low aqueous SO 2 concentrations (10–50 ppm). The breakdown of chlorophyll molecules by SO 2 as measured by loss of Mg ++ and total chlorophyll was accompanied by a decreased ability of pine needles to photosynthesize H 14 CO 3 . The effect of SO 2 on pigment breakdown and rate of photosynthesis was due mostly to the specific direct actions of SO 2 and was not a function of increased acidity.
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