All one needs to know about shared micromobility simulation: a complete survey
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As the shared micromobility becomes a part of our daily life and environment, we expect the number of low-speed modes for first-and-last mile trips to grow rapidly. The shared micomobility is expected to serve billions of humans, bringing us considerable advantages. With this growth, shared micromobility simulation such as docked stations based shared bikes, dockless shared bikes and e-scooters, are regarded as promising solutions to deal with a large number of first-and-last mile trips. In this paper, we first provide a comprehensive overview of shared micromobility simulation and its related validation metrics. Next, we classify the research topics of shared micromobility simulation, summarize, and classify the existing works. Finally, challenges and future directions are provided for further research.단순포장(plain packaging) 제도는 담배포장에 표시되는 브랜드 및 제조사 이름의 표기방법을 제한함으로써 광고효과와 구매욕구를 떨어뜨리기 위한 보건정책상의 조치이다. 동 제도를 둘러싸고 담배의 주요 생산국이 이러한 제도를 최초로 도입한 호주를 WTO에 제소한 바 있고, 이에 대한 WTO의 패널 보고서가 제한적으로 회람된 상황이다. 언론보도에 따르면, 패널은 호주의 동 제도가 WTO 협정, 특히 TRIPS 협정과 합치된다는 입장인 것으로 보인다.BR 본 논문은 패널 보고서가 공개되기 전에 국제적으로 전개되는 관련 논의들을 정리하고 나름의 관점을 제안하기 위한 것이다. 다만, 여기서는 단순포장제도가 TRIPS 협정상 ‘상표권’ 보호규정들과 합치되는지 여부에 관하여 집중하고자 한다. 우선 단순포장의 근간이 된 WHO의 기본협약과 호주의 입법에 대해서 살피고, 이어서 TRIPS 협정 및 동 협정에 의해 회원국이 준수해야 하는 파리협약상의 규정들에 대해서 분석한다. 특히 협정 제20조 규정은 단순포장제도와 잠재적으로 충돌할 수 있으므로 주의 깊게 살펴보도록 할 것이다. 단순포장과 관련된 논의에서 대부분의 학자들은 이 문제를 지식재산권과 공중보건의 충돌문제로 보아야 하고, 관련 쟁점이 이들 사이에서 균형을 맞추는 방법으로 해소되어야 한다고 본다.BR 하지만 균형이란 때때로 상당한 모호성을 가져오며, 균형추를 어디에 둘 것인가는 입장에 따라 상당히 다를 것이다. 상표 또는 상표권이 가지는 특징들로 인해, 더욱이 TRIPS 협정이 WTO 협정의 부속서라는 점 때문에 제20조의 의미는 현재까지의 논의와 사뭇 다르게 전개될 수 있다. 다시 말해 상표(권)의 본질 및 TRIPS 협정의 문맥논의를 통해 단순포장제도에 있어 충돌은 발생하지 않는다고 볼 수 있고, 해석을 통해 단순포장제도를 달리 정당화할 수 있다.BR TRIPS 협정은 대체로 지식재산권의 보호수준을 높이기 위한 규정들로 채워져 있지만, 무역자유화를 도모하기 위한 방편으로 지식재산권이 활용하는 예들도 발견할 수 있다. 만약 단순포장제도가 내외국의 상품을 차별하는 조치가 아니라면, WTO 협정에 합치될 것이라는 것이 본 논문의 요지이다.
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Tourism is a widely known concept as it is part of our modern lifestyle that we opt for useful and quality free time that provides us with the opportunity to relax and boost our energy. Our research focused on travel habits and the leisure activities people undertake during their trips, relying on answers provided by respondents aged 18-55. Most of the respondents said that they quite like to go on recreational journeys /tourism trips, with the most popular activities being nature walks, hiking, visiting places of historic interest, and viewing architecture and buildings. A quintessential role during these trips is played by relaxation and recharge, as well as restoring capacity for work. The most popular destinations in descending order were domestic attractions, neighboring countries, and other countries in Europe. Covid-19 had a major impact on destination choice; the number of outbound trips decreased, and beside the lowering frequency of inbound trips their length also shortened. As traveling is a popular holiday activity, it is particularly important to pay due attention to tourists’ travel motivations, assess their needs and habits so that they can be provided with the best possible experiences during their trips, and can return well rested and with renewed vigor to face their everyday challenges.
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This WTO working paper studies availability and affordability of new and innovative pharmaceuticals in a post-TRIPS era. The WTO’s TRIPS Agreement (TRIPS) makes it obligatory for WTO members– except least-developed country members (LDCs) - to provide pharmaceutical product patents with a 20-year protection term. Developing country members, other than LDCs, were meant to be compliant with this provision of TRIPS by 2005.
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Access to medicines
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Introduction TRIPS A Brief Background Interpreting TRIPS Copyright and Related Rights Trademarks and Geographical Indications Industrial Designs Patents Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits Protection of Undisclosed Information Control of Anti-Competitive Practices Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Transitional Arrangements Reflections on the TRIPS Agreement
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This study analyses the contribution of holiday trips to the life satisfaction (LS) of people with disabilities as compared to people without disabilities. Particular attention is paid to the effects of the intensity of taking part in holiday trips on LS. We are interested in testing two different hypotheses: (a) holiday trips increase individuals' LS and (b) the effects of holiday trips on LS are different for people without and with disabilities, being greater for this latter group. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimate LS equations (running generalised least square random-effects models) for people without and with disabilities which include a set of variables measuring participation or not in holiday trips and its intensity. Although people with disabilities are less likely to participate in holiday trips than people without disabilities, the results indicate that people with disabilities obtain higher levels of LS than people without disabilities from their participation in holiday trips, especially when this participation is more intense. Policy-makers and the tourism industry must promote and facilitate full access and participation of people with disabilities in holiday trips by eliminating all barriers, understanding their differential needs and providing an inclusive leisure environment.
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Білім берy қоғaмның экономикaлық дaмyының негізі, әлеyметтік тұрaқтылықтың фaкторлaрының бірі, хaлықтың рyхaни-aдaмгершілік әлеyетінің және интеллектyaлдық өсyінің қaйнaр көзі ретінде бaрлық yaқыттaрдa тaптырмaс құндылық болып есептеліп келеді. Aл қaзіргідей aдaм кaпитaлын қaлыптaстырy мен дaмытy мәселесін шешy негізгі міндет ретінде қaрaстырылaтын зaмaндa хaлықтың білімдік қaжеттіліктері өсіп, жоғaры, ортa aрнayлы, кәсіби қосымшa білім aлyғa үміткерлер сaны aртa түсyде. Бұғaн жayaп ретінде білім берy ұйымдaрының сaлaлaнyы aртып, әртүрлі типтегі оқy орындaрының сaны aртyдa, білім берyдің инфрaқұрылымы, бaсқaрy формaлaры, әдістемелік, ғылыми қызмет түрлері дaмyдa. Олaрды білім aлyшылaрдың жеке сұрaныстaры мен мүмкіндіктеріне бaғыттay күшейтілyде. Осығaн орaй білімнің сaпaсынa қойылaтын тaлaптaр aртып, бұл сaлaның әлеyметпен өзaрa әрекеттестігіне негізделген құрылымдық – қызметтік дaмyының көкейтестілігі aртyдa. Мaқaлaдa «серіктестік», «әлеyметтік серіктестік», «білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік» ұғым- дaрының мәні aшылып, олaрдың қaлыптaсy және дaмy үрдісіне шолy жaсaлaды, жоғaры оқy орындaрындa педaгогтaрды дaярлayдa әлеyметтік серіктестердің әлеyетін пaйдaлaнyдa бaсшылыққa aлынaтын ұстaнымдaр мен тиімді жолдaры сипaттaлaды. Түйін сөздер: серіктестік, әлеyметтік серіктестік, білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік, бірлескен әрекет ұстaнымдaры, әлеуметтік серіктестік әлеуеті. Обрaзовaние является основой экономического рaзвития обществa, одним из фaкторов социaль- ной стaбильности, источником дyховно-нрaвственного потенциaлa и интеллектyaльного ростa людей и во все временa считaлось незaменимой ценностью. И в нaстоящее время, когдa решение проблемы формировaния и рaзвития человеческого кaпитaлa рaссмaтривaется кaк основнaя зaдaчa, рaстyт обрaзовaтельные потребности людей, yвеличивaется количество желaющих полyчить высшее, среднее, специaльное, профессионaльное дополнительное обрaзовaние. В ответ нa это yсиливaется рaзветвленность обрaзовaтельных оргaнизaций, yвеличивaется количество обрaзовaтельных оргaни- зaций рaзличного типa, рaзвивaются инфрaстрyктyрa обрaзовaния, формы yпрaвления, методическaя и нayчнaя деятельность. Yсиливaется их ориентaция нa индивидyaльные потребности и возможности обyчaющихся. В связи с этим повышaются требовaния к кaчествy обрaзовaния, возрaстaет знaчение стрyктyрно-фyнкционaльного рaзвития этой сферы нa основе взaимодействия с обществом. В стaтье рaскрывaется знaчение понятий «пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии», рaссмaтривaется процесс их стaновления и рaзвития, описывaются рyко- водящие принципы и эффективные способы использовaния потенциaлa социaльных пaртнеров в подготовке педaгогических кaдров в высших yчебных зaведениях. Ключевые словa: партнерство, социaльное пaртнерство, социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии, принципы совместного действия, поненциал социального партнерство. Education is the basis of the economic development of society, one of the factors of social stability, a source of spiritual and moral potential and intellectual growth of people and has always been considered an irreplaceable value. And at the present time, when the solution of the problem of the formation and development of human capital is considered as the main task, the educational needs of people are growing, the number of people wishing to receive higher, secondary, special, professional additional education is increasing. In response to this, the branching of educational organizations is increasing, the number of educational organizations of various types is increasing, the infrastructure of education, forms of management, methodological and scientific activities are developing. Their focus on the individual needs and capabilities of students is increasing. In this regard, the requirements for the quality of education are increasing, the importance of the structural and functional development of this sphere on the basis of interaction with society is increasing. The article reveals the meaning of the concepts of "partnership", "social partnership", "social partnership in education", examines the process of their formation and development, describes the guidelines and effective ways to use the potential of social partners in the training of teachers in higher educational institutions. Keywords: partnership, social partnership, social partnership in education, principles of joint action, the potential of social partnership.
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Field trip
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This chapter provides an overview of international developments since TRIPS that further impact access to medicine. In particular, some countries are now required to adopt higher standards than those required by TRIPS. These “TRIPS-Plus” standards are predominantly implemented as a result of bilateral or regional trade agreements instigated by wealthy countries since the conclusion of TRIPS. Although they are dubbed “TRIPS-Plus,” they have no formal relation to TRIPS. Rather, the term is used to indicate that these requirements go beyond the minimum obligations imposed under TRIPS. The chapter explains common themes among TRIPS-Plus requirements that impact upon the cost of drugs. This thematic approach aims to highlight how drug costs may be impacted, as well as how and why countries adopt such requirements; however, it is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of every enacted or pending TRIPS-Plus requirement.
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To understand the situation of commuting trips in downtown areas of Chinese counties, a questionnaire survey was carried out in three typical Chinese counties. Results of the survey were analyzed to explore characteristics of commuting trips of these counties, which were concerned with going to work, going to school, and coming home. The study indicated that commuting trips accounted for more than 80% of all the trips of inhabitants in downtown areas of the three counties, which accounted for the predominant importance of commuting trips in people's daily life. Important characteristics such as modes, occurrence time, and carpooling of commuting trips were studied thoroughly. The study implied that there were some variances between counties, as far as characteristics of commuting trips were concerned. Therefore, when measures for improvement of commuting trips are taken into consideration, each county should have its own strategies which are based upon its unique characteristics.
Downtown
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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