A Rational Design of Garnet-Type Li7la3zr2o12 with Ultrahigh Moisture Stability
Hongpeng ZhengGuoyao LiJiqiong LiuShaoping WuXingmin ZhangYongmin WuHong ZhuXiao Qian HuangHezhou LiuHuanan Duan
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Lithium-stuffed garnets, one of the most promising solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs), are typically vulnerable to water or moisture. In this work, Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 (LLZT) with ionic conductivity of 7.36 ×10 −4 S cm -1 at room temperature and ultrahigh moisture stability is designed and synthesized by a solvent-free route with no excess lithium source. After storing in ambient atmosphere for four months, the LLZT maintains an ionic conductivity of 6.41 ×10 −4 S cm −1 . With optimized lithium contents, the LLZT is stored in an atmosphere rich in H 2 O and CO 2 at 65 °C for 24 hours and the ionic conductivity only decreases by 6.9% to 6.6 ×10 −4 S cm −1 . Even undergone water-immersion, the LLZT pellet shows good electrochemical stability, which allows an interfacial resistance of 14.6 Ω cm 2 with Li and stable cycling performance of Li|LLZT|LFP cell, exhibiting a high capacity retention of 93% after 100 cycles. Several important features including high relative density, few grain boundaries, water-stable secondary phase of La 2 Zr 2 O 7 , and the Li + -deficient garnet lattice are combined to contribute to the moisture stability as suggested by morphology and surface chemistry analysis and first-principles calculations. This study provides valuable insights into synthesizing fast and moisture-stable lithium garnets in a time-efficient way, which is vital for developing garnet-based ASSLBs.Keywords:
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Rational design
Protein Engineering
Directed Molecular Evolution
Synthetic Biology
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The one-dimensional steady hygrothermal field in a porous infinite strip subjected to severe hygrothermal gap on its surfaces considering nonlinear coupling between heat and moisture is analyzed. Heat and moisture aie considered to diffuse macroscopically. Moreover, moisture is considered to take two phases, namely, dissolved and gaseous phases. Both types of moisture are considered to have different diffusivities. To consider the coupling between heat and moisture, the heat generation by transformation from gaseous moisture into dissolved one is considered as well as the transformation from dissolved moisture into gaseous one due to temperature change. The balance between dissolved and gaseous moisture is determined by an equilibrium condition. The effects of the coupling properties and the difference between the diffusivities of moisture on the distributions of heat and moisture are investigated.
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Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
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Fundamentally one might expect to distinguish four types of moisture in coal: (1) surface moisture (adsorbed moisture), (2) inherent moisture (equilibrium moisture), (3) decomposition moisture (organic moisture), and (4) moisture due to mineral matter present in coals (water of hydration). Experimentally, however, these moisture categories cannot readily be distinguished. In practice the coal analyst determines moisture in procedures amenable to the different stages of coal handling and utilization. Four categories of moisture are distinguished in the analytical process called the Proximate Analysis of Coal, which also includes the determination of Coal Ash, the estimation of the Mineral Matter based on ash, the determination of the Volatile Matter and that of the Fixed Carbon. The four classes of moisture customarily determined in coal can be essentially grouped by steps: (1) the As-Received Moisture, which is also called the total moisture (the adsorbed surface plus the absorbed inherent capillary moisture); (2) the Air-Dried Moisture, which is that moisture left after air drying; (3) the Air-Dry Moisture, which is lost by drying in air an as is coal sample under conditions close to ambient; and (4) the Equilibrium Moisture. Descriptions of the methods used are presented.
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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Many research groups successfully rely on whole-gene random mutagenesis and recombination approaches for the directed evolution of enzymes.Recent advances in enzyme engineering have used a combination of these random methods of directed evolution with elements of rational enzyme modification to successfully by-pass certain limitations of both directed evolution and rational design.Semi-rational approaches that target multiple,specific residues to mutate on the basis of prior structural or functional knowledge create 'smart' libraries that are more likely to yield positive results.Efficient sampling of mutations likely to affect enzyme function has been conducted to both experiment and on a much greater scale,computation,with remarkable improvements in substrate selectivity and specificity and in the redesign of enzyme activities within known structure.
Rational design
Protein Engineering
Directed Molecular Evolution
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The strategy of rational design to engineer enzymes is to predict the potential mutants based on the understanding of the relationships between protein structure and function, and subsequently introduce the mutations using the site-directed mutagenesis. Rational design methods are universal, relatively fast and have the potential to be developed into algorithms that can quantitatively predict the performance of the designed sequences. Compared to the protein stability, it was more challenging to design an enzyme with improved activity or selectivity, due to the complexity of enzyme molecular structure and inadequate understanding of the relationships between enzyme structures and functions. However, with the development of computational force, advanced algorithm and a deeper understanding of enzyme catalytic mechanisms, rational design could significantly simplify the process of engineering enzyme functions and the number of studies applying rational design strategy has been increasing. Here, we reviewed the recent advances of applying the rational design strategy to engineer enzyme functions including activity and enantioselectivity. Five strategies including multiple sequence alignment, strategy based on steric hindrance, strategy based on remodeling interaction network, strategy based on dynamics modification and computational protein design are discussed and the successful cases using these strategies are introduced.
Rational design
Protein design
Protein Engineering
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