Insecticide Resistance Bottle Bioassay Evaluation of Culex tarsalis Mosquitoes From Coachella Valley, 2021
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This review dealt with the importance and Popular procedures of the standardized bioassay for Bacillus thuringiensis. The standardized bioassay procedures for larvae of Lepidoptera includes: the diet - incorporation bioassay, the surface contamination assay, the hole - in - wax assay and the droplet assay. The standardized bioassay procedures for larvae of Diptera are the World Health Organization method and the U. S. method. However the bioassay for larvae of Coleoptera has not ho standardized. Though immunochemical assays have some defects, they are more rapid and simple than conventional bioassays.
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Summary Three rapid bioassays were tested on forty‐two herbicides having several different modes of action. A 50% or greater inhibition of growth was found at 1 ppm with thirty‐one herbicides in one or more of the bioassays. Of the remaining eleven herbicides, seven were detected at 10 ppm, two at 20 ppm and two at 30 ppm. The techniques used were a Chlorella bioassay, a root bioassay with sorghum, oat and cucumber and a shoot bioassay with sorghum and oat. The duration of the bioassays was 1, 2 and 4 days respectively. As a general rule, the Chlorella bioassay was especially sensitive to photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors but not sensitive to herbicides with other modes of action, whereas the root and/or shoot bioassays were sensitive to most of the herbicides except the photosynthetic inhibitors. The use of the three bioassays simultaneously is suggested as a possible method for primary screening of herbicides.
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In response to DNA damage, p53 undergoes post-translational modifications (including acetylation) that are critical for its transcriptional activity. However, the mechanism by which p53 acetylation is regulated is still unclear. Here, we describe an essential role for HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (Bat3)/Scythe in controlling the acetylation of p53 required for DNA damage responses. Depletion of Bat3 from human and mouse cells markedly impairs p53-mediated transactivation of its target genes Puma and p21 . Although DNA damage-induced phosphorylation, stabilization, and nuclear accumulation of p53 are not significantly affected by Bat3 depletion, p53 acetylation is almost completely abolished. Bat3 forms a complex with p300, and an increased amount of Bat3 enhances the recruitment of p53 to p300 and facilitates subsequent p53 acetylation. In contrast, Bat3-depleted cells show reduced p53–p300 complex formation and decreased p53 acetylation. Furthermore, consistent with our in vitro findings, thymocytes from Bat3-deficient mice exhibit reduced induction of puma and p21, and are resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis in vivo. Our data indicate that Bat3 is a novel and essential regulator of p53-mediated responses to genotoxic stress, and that Bat3 controls DNA damage-induced acetylation of p53.
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The main properties and application conditon of H.R. PET bottle are introduced.Comparision has been done among H.R. PET bottle and other packaging materials.The mechanical properties and the enviromental protection adaptability of PET bottle are in an advantageous position.The cost of production of wide scope is low.The process of two step blow bottle is complicated and the cost is high.The process of one step blow bottle is simple and suitable .It is forecasted that the output of H.R. PET bottle will reach 10 9 this year in China.
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HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3) was originally identified as one of the genes located within human major histocompatibility complex. It encodes a large proline-rich protein with unknown function. In this study, we found that a fragment of the BAT3 gene product interacts with a candidate tumor suppressor, DAN, in the yeast-based two-hybrid system. We cloned the full-length rat BAT3 cDNA from a fibroblast 3Y1 cDNA library. Our sequence analysis has demonstrated that rat BAT3 cDNA is 3617 nucleotides in length and encodes a full-length BAT3 (1098 amino acids) with an estimated molecular mass of 114,801 daltons, which displays an 87.4% identity with human BAT3. The deletion experiment revealed that the N-terminal region (amino acid residues 1-80) of DAN was required for the interaction with BAT3. Green fluorescent protein-tagged BAT3 was largely localized in the cytoplasm of COS cells. Northern hybridization showed that BAT3 mRNA was expressed in all the adult rat tissues examined but predominantly in testis. In addition, the level of BAT3 mRNA expression was more downregulated in some of the transformed cells, including v-mos- and v-Ha-ras-transformed 3Y1 cells, than in the parental cells.
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SUMMARY A hitherto unrecorded virus having flexible rod‐shaped particles about 740–760 × 13 nm was isolated from Anthoxanthum odoratwn L. It was transmitted by sap inoculation, but not by several species of insect, seed or soil to 18 species of Gramineae including wheat, oats and barley. In susceptible species the virus normally produced a mosaic mottling of the leaves which was sometimes followed by a necrotic streaking or striping.
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Two different bioassay methods; larval dip bioassay and surface diet bioassay were tested for the contact/ingestion toxicity and to see the advantage of one method over the other using spinosad against second instar Helicoverpa armigera. Little difference was observed in LC50 values which were 170 and 130ppm for both the methods, however ingestion/contact toxicity (surface diet bioassay) as compared to contact toxicity only (larval dip bioassay) remained comparatively but not significantly different. Results also proved that surface diet bioassay had advantage over larval dip bioassay as it provided better estimate of potential toxicity.
Biopesticide
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