Advances in Soft and Dry Electrodes for Wearable Health Monitoring Devices
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Electrophysiology signals are crucial health status indicators as they are related to all human activities. Current demands for mobile healthcare have driven considerable interest in developing skin-mounted electrodes for health monitoring. Silver-Silver chloride-based (Ag-/AgCl) wet electrodes, commonly used in conventional clinical practice, provide excellent signal quality, but cannot monitor long-term signals due to gel evaporation and skin irritation. Therefore, the focus has shifted to developing dry electrodes that can operate without gels and extra adhesives. Compared to conventional wet electrodes, dry ones offer various advantages in terms of ease of use, long-term stability, and biocompatibility. This review outlines a systematic summary of the latest research on high-performance soft and dry electrodes. In addition, we summarize recent developments in soft materials, biocompatible materials, manufacturing methods, strategies to promote physical adhesion, methods for higher breathability, and their applications in wearable biomedical devices. Finally, we discuss the developmental challenges and advantages of various dry electrodes, while suggesting research directions for future studies.Keywords:
Wearable Technology
Biocompatibility
Biocompatibility
Polycaprolactone
Biocompatible material
Regenerative Medicine
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Although wearable technologies incited by the “Internet of things” are gradually being presented, only a few studies have examined the adoption of wearable technologies. Despite its growing importance, wearable technologies has met with various challenges across the world, including limited adoption by potential consumers. Thus, this study empirically examines the antecedents of wearable technology adoption by potential consumers. Particularly, our result provide support for the importance of trust for overcoming hesitation and risk, related to wearable technology.
Wearable Technology
Emerging Technologies
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Product characteristics of wearable devices have large impacts on users' initial trust as users intend to adopt wearable devices, which further impacts wearable devices' use intention. This paper aims at investigating the impacts of wearable device product characteristics on consumers' initial trust based on four factors: wearability, functionality, personalization, and integration. Through a questionnaire survey method, 328 valid questionnaires were obtained. The empirical analysis results from the structural equation model analysis show that wearability, functionality, and integration factors have significant impacts on the initial trust of wearable devices. The conclusions of the study can provide references for the future research on the initial trust of wearable devices, and point out the direction of product development for wearable device manufacturers.
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An in vivo method is described for screening polymeric materials for biocompatibility. The test is based on grading acute and subacute tissue reactions at 7 and 28 days, respectively, following implantation in rats. The methods is reproducible and reliable. It is designed to provide uniform test criteria for biocompatibility assessment in the early phases of the development of surgical implant materials.
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Biomaterial
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Wearable technology collectively describes some of the most exciting emerging technologies, encompassing smart gadgets, garments, jewelry, and other devices worn on the user's body. In recent years, high profile wearable devices such as the Google Glass, Apple Watch, and FitBit have captured both the public imagination and headlines. Wearable technology has the potential to change the world even more profoundly than other mobile technologies. The appearance of such high profile wearable devices in the end-consumer market has also lead to serious consideration of the implications of such technologies, previously limited to the pages of science fiction. The implications for security and privacy of individuals and organizations, and the potential dangers to both society and the economy, must be considered and addressed in order for wearable technology to successfully deliver upon its many promises. Through addressing such concerns, the pathway to a “wearable future” can be unlocked, and users can adopt wearable technology with confidence.
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Smartwatch
Emerging Technologies
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With the rapid development of wearable technologies, wearable devices are gradually entering people's daily life. As a novel way of human-computer interaction, wearable devices have brought more and more convenience and assistance to people than ever before. In this paper, we firstly make a classification of wearable devices based on their functions and how they are worn. An introduction to the current development of wearable devices is also presented. Then, the challenges in the area of wearable devices and their possible solutions are discussed. Finally, the conclusions are drawn on the development and future trends of wearable devices and technologies.
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Biocompatibility
Stereolithography
Biocompatible material
Subcutaneous tissue
Three dimensional printing
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In the current chapter, digital morphometric analysis (DMA) was used to quantify two markers of biocompatibility around commonly used biomaterials. In the field of biomaterial evaluation for biocompatibility, more sophisticated methods are now being used to precisely characterize the elicited response from the surrounding tissue towards the implanted material. One reason for this is due to the fact that many newer biomaterial innovations are incorporating pharmaceutical agents (e.g., drug eluting stents and drug eluting balloons). Therefore, as described in many of the other chapters in this book, components of toxicology and pharmacology are being evaluated along with biocompatibility. In this chapter, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) was compared to polypropylene (PP) for inflammatory and foreign body response. Each material was implanted into dorsal subcutaneous spaces and evaluated after 2, 4, and 12 weeks. Each sample was reacted with an antibody to cluster of differentiation-68 (CD-68). The resulting slides were scanned and evaluated using DMA in order to obtain accurate, reproducible, and consistent results. Expanded PTFE demonstrated a lower overall weighted inflammatory score when compared to PP across all timepoints. This chapter describes the use of DMA as a novel approach to measure the inflammatory score that is associated with a specific biomaterial. Current and future medical devices will need to use various analytical tools to comprehensively assess device, biomaterial, or a combination therapy's biocompatibility. The next chapter further describes how quantitative data from histology and immunohistochemistry assessments can be coupled with quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCR) as assessment tools for product development.
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Wearable technology collectively describes some of the most exciting emerging technologies, encompassing smart gadgets, garments, jewelry, and other devices worn on the user's body. In recent years, high profile wearable devices such as the Google Glass, Apple Watch, and FitBit have captured both the public imagination and headlines. Wearable technology has the potential to change the world even more profoundly than other mobile technologies. The appearance of such high profile wearable devices in the end-consumer market has also lead to serious consideration of the implications of such technologies, previously limited to the pages of science fiction. The implications for security and privacy of individuals and organizations, and the potential dangers to both society and the economy, must be considered and addressed in order for wearable technology to successfully deliver upon its many promises. Through addressing such concerns, the pathway to a “wearable future” can be unlocked, and users can adopt wearable technology with confidence.
Wearable Technology
Smartwatch
Emerging Technologies
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With the development of smart mobile computer, more and more portable devices are coming into market that includes wearable devices.To evaluate the wearable devices, the wearable level is an important reference.In this paper, we proposed to evaluate wearable devices based on quality characteristics.However, the characteristics are usually unstable, historical sample size is small, index, show obvious non-normal distribution.These features make it hard to use the general statistical techniques for effective evaluation.A model based on support vector machine (SVM) is proposed to distinguish the wearable level.This paper introduces the current situation of wearable devices, descripts its classification and evaluation principle, and gives out the classification model and algorithm for wearable level.This work can be a beneficial reference to wearable standard.
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