Effect of oral administration and topical gel application of thymol and low-level laser therapy on oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers and dermatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Danik MartirosyanFahimeh JahanbakhshiMohammad Reza AshooriSaham AlkhamisShaghayegh PezeshkiAfsaneh Seyed MikaeiliHossein Mirmiranpour
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Background:Unmanaged diabetes mellitus, as a chronic metabolic disease, has dangerous consequences. The consequences of diabetes can be delayed and controlled by using antioxidants and anti-inflammatory substances in the food compounds.Objective: One of the main objectives of this study was to evaluate thymol administration and low-level laser therapy on the change of inflammatory and, oxidative indicators, and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. Another aim was to study the effect of thymol oil extract on dermatitis.Methods:Thirty volunteers with type 2 diabetes and thirty healthy volunteers as controls were selected. Blood samples were taken from all subjects before the study. The diabetic group was divided into four groups: untreated, treated with low-level laser, treated with thymol (25 mg/kg/30 days) and treated with thymol and laser. Glucose, advanced glycation end products, malondialdehyde, oxidized low level laser, reactive oxygen species, peroxide hydrogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 alpha were measured and compared between diabetic and control groups and within diabetic groups. Thymol gel oil extract (0.5%) was studied in reduction of dermatitis in the feet of the diabetic group.Results:Thymol administration, along with low-level laser therapy, reduced levels of cytokines except for interleukin-1 alpha, total cholesterol, triglycerides, advanced glycation end products, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and oxidized low density level lipoprotein (P value < 0.05). The effect of 0.5% thymol oil as a gel on the reduction of dermatitis was not significant.Conclusion:Thymol administration and thymol gel as well as low-level laser therapy, as adjunctive methods, through the reduction of free radicals and oxidative stress can be useful in controlling and reducing the diabetes complications.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Thymol, Topical gel, Low-level laser therapy, DermatitisKeywords:
Thymol
Malondialdehyde
Several lipase activities in adipose tissue and liver as well as triglyceride content in liver and blood were concomitantly investigated in adult female rats after 21 days of oral treatment with ethynyl estradiol (6 fig daily), progesterone (5 μg daily), or the two steroids in combination. Treatment with ethynyl estradiol alone markedly decreased the levels of all lipase activities assayed at acid Qnd alkaline pH levels in liver fractions. Decreases in enzyme activities were associated with a 39% increase in blood triglyceride levels. The administration of progesterone alone did not modify triglyceride level in blood or liver lipase activities. The combined regimen of ethynyl e$tradiol plus progesterone caused maximal decreases in hepatic lipases, a 29% decrease in the triglyceride content of liver, but no change in the level of triglycerides in blood. Studies in adipose tissue showed that treatment with ethynyl estradiol and progesterone, separately or in combination, increased lipoprotein lipase activit...
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To determine whether any interaction occurs between progesterone and 17β-estradiol in the regulation of FFA metabolism by the liver, normal female rats were injected sc daily for 14 days with 7.5, 15, 50, or 100 μg 17β-estradiol/kg, 25 mg progesterone/kg, 15 μg 17β-estradiol plus 25 mg progesterone/kg, or vehicle (sesame oil) alone. To determine the effects of these hormones in the absence of endogenous estradiol and progesterone, ovariectomized rats were treated with the steroids. Livers were removed from the variously treated rats and perfused in vitro in a recycling system. An albumin-oleate complex was infused into the perfusate, providing a steady state concentration of 0.3–0.5 HIM oleate. The uptake of FFA and output of ketone bodies and glucose by the livers were generally not altered by any of the steroid treatments. Neither these parameters nor triglyceride secretion was altered by ovariectomy. The administration of 15, 50, and 100 μg estradiol/kg to normal, but not ovariectomized rats, increased triglyceride secretion. Progesterone alone had no effect on the secretion of triglyceride, but did antagonize the estradiol-mediated stimulation of triglyceride secretion in normal rats. The molar ratios of phospholipid to triglyceride and cholesterol to triglyceride of the very low density lipoprotein secreted by livers from normal females treated with estradiol were not altered, suggesting that the livers secreted more very low density lipoprotein particles of the same size. Based on the same criteria, livers from ovariectomized rats secreted smaller very low density lipoprotein particles compared to livers from control animals, an effect which was reversed by the administration of estradiol. We conclude that progesterone antagonizes the stimulation of hepatic triglyceride secretion by estradiol in normal female rats and that ovariectomy prevents this effect of progesterone. (Endocrinology108: 1613, 1981)
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Reactive aldehydes are involved in diseases associated with oxidative stress, including diabetes. Human salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase (hsALDH) presumably protects us from many toxic ingredient/contaminant aldehydes present in food.This study aimed to probe the activity of hsALDH in patients with diabetes and than to correlate it with various oxidative stress markers in the saliva.The saliva samples were collected from total 161 diabetic patients from Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC), AMU, Aligarh, (India). HsALDH activity and markers of oxidative stress [8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs)] were measured in the saliva samples.Patients with early stage of diabetes had higher activity of hsALDH when compared with the control group. As the history of diabetes increases, the activity of the enzyme decreases and also higher oxidative stress markers (8-OHDG, MDA and AGEs) are detected in the saliva samples. Negative significant correlation between hsALDH activity and oxidative stress markers were observed (p <0.0001).The activity of hsALDH increases in early stages of diabetes most probably to counter the increased oxidative stress associated with diabetes. However, in later stages of diabetes, the activity of the enzyme decreases, possibly due to its inactivation resulting from glycation.
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We examined the effects of exogenous and endogenous GIP on plasma triglyceride levels in rats, pretreated with a fat-enriched diet, during intraduodenal infusion of a lipid test meal (Lipomul, 8 ml/h). Following the fat load the plasma triglyceride levels increased nearly linearly from a fasting value of 0.621 ± 0.031 mmol/l to 3.32 ± 0.403 mmol/l at 150 min. Simultaneously, the plasma GIP levels rose from 47.1 ± 5.1 at fasting to a peak value of 268.4 ± 32.2 pmol/l at 120 min. When porcine GIP was infused intravenously during the fat load, the plasma triglyceride increments were significantly smaller (control 1.64 ± 0.264 mmol/l versus 0.949 ± 0.114 mmol/l during GIP infusion at 60 min; p < 0.002). GIP infusion in the absence of the fat load did not change fasting triglyceride levels.
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Abstract. The present study aimed to measure triglyceride secretion rate (TGSR) into the circulation in ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesioned rats. Average gain of body weight in VMH lesioned rats was 72 ± 6 g (mean ± se , n = 9) in a week; significantly greater than that in controls (6 ± 2, n = 8, P < 0.001). TGSR was determined under hexobarbital anaesthesia in fasted rats by measuring the increase in plasma concentration after the triglyceride removal mechanism was blocked by injecting Triton WR-1339. TGSR in VMH lesioned rats was 500 ± 37 mg/dl of plasma/h; markedly higher than that in controls (239 ± 12, P < 0.001). Serum insulin concentration in VMH lesioned rats was 2.26 ± 0.32 ng/ml; significantly higher than that in controls (0.83 ± 0.08, P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between serum insulin concentration and TGSR in VMH lesioned rats (r = 0.709, P < 0.05). The increased secretion rate of triglyceride in VMH lesioned rats is discussed in connection with the development of obesity in these rats.
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AIM: To study the effect of insulin administration on the content of triglyceride and the expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase I-β (CPTI-β) gene in skeletal muscle of diabetic mellitus(DM) rats.METHEDS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group(NC,n=10),diabetes with high fat diet(DH,n=10),and diabetes with high fat diet plus insulin therapy(DHI,n=10).The fasting plasma glucose(FPG),insulin(FPI),free fatty acids(FFAs),triglyceride(TG) and the TGm(intramyocellular triglyceride)and the expression of CPTI-β gene in skeletal muscle were measured.HOMA2-IR was computed on the basis of FPI and FPG.RESULTES: Compared with NC group,HOMA2IR,TG and FFAs levels in the plasma and TGm contents of DH group were significantly higher(P(0.01)),and the expression of CPTI-β gene was decreased(P(0.01)).Compared with DH group,insulin administration didn't normalize TG(P(0.05)),but FFAs were decreased(P(0.01)),and TGm were increased(P(0.01)),although it improved insulin sensitivity of DHI group(P(0.05)),and the expression of CPTI-β were increased(P(0.01)).CONCLUSION: TG is accumulated in the skeletal muscle of DM rats,and the expression of CPTI-β is decreased,too.Insulin administration is able to up-regulate CPTI-β transcription,although it can increase the content of TGm as well.This phenomenon suggests insulin can ameliorate triglyceride metabolize in the DM rats.
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Significant increases (P less than 0.001) in plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations and in blood pressure were seen when SHR and WKY rats ate a fructose-enriched diet for 14 days. However, all of the changes were significantly accentuated (P less than 0.02-0.001) in SHR rats. Specifically the increment in plasma insulin concentration following the fructose-enriched diet was 42 +/- 4 microU/ml in SHR as compared to 25 +/- 4 microU/ml in WKY rats (P less than 0.001). Plasma triglyceride concentrations also increased to a greater degree in response to fructose in SHR rats (260 +/- 24 vs. 136 +/- 20 mg/dl, P less than 0.001). Finally, the fructose-induced increase in blood pressure of 29 +/- 4 mm of Hg in SHR rats was greater (P less than 0.02) than that seen in WKY rats (19 +/- 2 mm of Hg). There was no change in plasma glucose concentration in response to the fructose diet. WKY rats gained more weight than did the SHR rats. Thus, although plasma triglyceride and insulin concentration and blood pressure increased when either WKY or SHR rats consumed a fructose enriched diet, the magnitude of these changes was greater in SHR rats.
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