Virus Detection using Second Harmonics of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Ryuichi HirotaToru MurayamaRyota KatsumiTokuhisa KawawakiS. YabukamiRyuji IgarashiYuichi NegishiMoriaki KusakabeMasaki SekinoTakashi YatsuiAkihiro Kuwahata
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Virus detection methods based on the nonlinear magnetic response of magnetic nanoparticles have been investigated, and magnetic detection methods using the third harmonic have been widely applied on account of their high sensitivity, short measurement‐time, and low cost. In this letter, we propose a virus detection method using the second harmonics to improve the signal intensity. We find that the signal to noise ratio of the second harmonic is approximately three times higher than that of the third harmonic. A comparison of the ratio of the second harmonic to the fourth harmonic ( R 24 ) and the ratio of the third harmonic to the fifth harmonic ( R 35 ) shows that R 24 is more sensitive to identifying changes in virus concentration. Our proposed method has the potential to be utilized for rapid screening on virus detection. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Keywords:
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Currently mathematical morphology is used in the analysis of electric signals due to the clear understanding of its processes and results. Traditional filters use elements based on electronic power to eliminate harmonics. The aim of this paper is to describe the use of this method for filtering harmonic signals using four basic operations of mathematical morphology such as: dilatation, erosion, opening and closing, including necessary simulations and analysis to confirm its correct functioning. The presented work is applied to real signals measured in the laboratory of electric machines at Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Cuenca. Results show the effectiveness of the algorithm in removing harmonics from the input signal in order to get a signal as similar as possible to the fundamental component.
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Harmonics in a power system caused by highly nonlinear devices degrade its performance. Controlling and reducing such harmonics have been a major concern of power engineers for many years. The power system harmonic analysis is the process of calculating the magnitudes and phases of the fundamental and higher order harmonics of system signals. The frequency domain solution method is one of the major mathematical approaches for such analysis. The paper discusses the frequency domain solution method in the power system harmonic analysis. It identifies harmonic sources and their effects on power system operation. It also discusses computer applications of such method.
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Self-consistent non-linear one dimensional equations of relativistic TWT-O with slowing system in the form of arbitrary irregular waveguide taking into account the arbitrary number of signal harmonics and average forces of electron interaction, are formulated. The influence of the second harmonic of signal in TWT-O, optimized by efficiency, is estimated. Their frequency band performance is investigated.
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This paper proposes a novel phase calibration approach to enable multi-harmonic modulated signal measurements using existing nonlinear network analyzer (NVNA) receivers configured in wideband mode. The envelopes around the harmonics are captured sequentially so that the dynamic range (DR) of the measurement system is not compromised. A reference signal generated by a comb generator is used to ensure phase coherency between the harmonics, precluding the need to use a small frequency grid that typical solutions require. To validate its ability to make accurate measurements of multi-harmonic modulated signals, the proposed NVNA-based method is tested against a state-of-the-art oscilloscope. The proposed approach is applied first to an 8-tone signal that covers 14 MHz, then on a 5 MHz 1C-WCDMA signal. Both signals have three harmonics with the fundamental frequency at 1 GHz. The phase accuracy of the measured signal is within ±1.5° and ±10° for the first and second test signals, respectively.
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The specific harmonic analysis of bidirectional LCL-IPT system is presented in the paper. A mathematical model is built to obtain both current and power harmonic contents. The converter loss, devices properties, charging performance and harmonic power flow have been investigated to discuss the effect of harmonics on the system performance. Simulation and experiment results reveal that there are high harmonic currents in the system, which results in efficiency reduction and devices damage. The harmonic power flow is negligibly low compared to the fundamental.
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Calibrated harmonic analyzers are required to underpin international regulations regarding harmonic emissions for electrical appliances. A method to accurately analyze waveforms containing smoothly fluctuating harmonics is described. The response of an analyzer to the characterized waveform is considered and a method to calibrate an analyzer is presented.
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The behavior of a 1–3 piezocomposite transducer at high driving amplitudes and off‐resonance frequencies was investigated numerically and experimentally. By heuristically generating a numerical model of a simple resonator with a hard restoring force, a likely mechanism was identified for harmonic distortions in high power ultrasound transduction. Experimental observations of enhanced upper harmonic content in transducer response to a sinusoidal driving function were analyzed. This analysis revealed that a substantial proportion of the total pressure amplitude (at least 51%) was distributed into harmonics of the driving frequency, especially at frequencies that were below or above a characteristic resonance peak of the transducer. These results imply a need for more detailed and thorough evaluation of ultrasound transducers which are designed for high‐intensity applications.
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Inter-harmonics are defined as the spectrum components that have frequencies between two harmonics. This letter points out that these fractional-harmonic components are not always the result of actual inter-harmonic sources. The signal sampling window size and position for Fourier analysis, as well as the time-varying characteristic of the signals, can all be factors leading to the so-called inter-harmonic components. Case studies illustrate that the inter-harmonic definition can be misleading and needs to be improved.
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To resolve the harmonics pollution of medium frequency electric furnace in a steelwork, power quality monitoring is conducted for power source in steelwork and substation. By the analysis of test data, the 11th, 13th, 17th harmonic are the main reason for the pollution of power quality. The effective measures were put forward for users to prevent harmonics pollution, Effectiveness of the measures was verified by the comparison data before and after treatment.
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Demonstration Number 1 in the IPO-NIU-ASA collection of auditory demonstrations (compact disk) periodically cancels and reinserts a harmonic of a complex tone having a 200-Hz fundamental and 20 equal-amplitude harmonics. This procedure causes a listener to hear out the manipulated harmonic as a separate tone. In this way, the demonstration exposes harmonics 1 through 10. The following question arises: What is the highest harmonic that can be made audible, and what is responsible for the limitation? Listening experiments, using random harmonic phases, fundamental frequencies (f0) from 50 to 2000 Hz, and a maximum harmonic frequency of 20 kHz, show that for high fundamental frequencies (f0>200 Hz) the highest audible harmonic frequency is insensitive to f0 and is only about 10 percent less than the highest audible sine frequency in quiet. For lower fundamental frequencies, the highest audible harmonic number tends to be insensitive to f0 and is 50–70 for normal hearing listeners. In this region the highest audible harmonic number can be predicted from noise-masked threshold data, but with a large uncertainty. [Work supported by NIDCD.]
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