[Functional investigation of chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting LMP1 antigen].
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Objective: This study aimed to create a type of CAR-T cells that targets LMP1 antigen and study its immunotherapeutic effect on LMP1-positive hematological malignancies. Methods: To generate LMP1 CAR-T cells, a plasmid expressing LMP1 CAR was created using molecular cloning technology, and T cells were infected with LMP1 CAR lentivirus. The effects of LMP1 CAR-T cells on specific cytotoxicity against LMP1-positive tumor cell lines infected with the EB virus had been confirmed. Results: ① LMP1 protein expressing on EB virus-positive lymphoma cells surface was verified. ② The LMP1 CAR-expressing plasmid was created, and LMP1 CAR-T cells were obtained by infecting T cells with a lentivirus packaging system, with an infection efficiency of more than 80% . ③LMP1 CAR-T cells have a 4∶1 effect-to-target ratio in killing LMP1-positive lymphoma cells. The killing effect of LMP1 CAR-T cells on Raji cells was enhanced after 48 h of coculture, but there was no significant killing effect on Ramos, which are LMP1-negative lymphoma cells. ④After coculture with LMP1-positive lymphoma cells at a ratio of 1∶1 for 5 h, the degranulation effect was enhanced. The proportion of CD107a(+) T cells in the LMP1 CAR-T cell treatment group was significantly higher than that in the vector-T cell group [ (13.25±2.94) % vs (1.55±0.05) % , t=3.972, P=0.017]. ⑤After coculture with LMP1-positive lymphoma cells, the proportion of CD69(+) and CD25(+) T cells in the LMP1 CAR-T cell group was significantly higher than that in vector-T cell group [ (7.40±0.41) % vs (3.48±0.47) % , t=6.268, P=0.003; (73.00±4.73) % vs (57.67±2.60) % , t=2.842, P=0.047]. ⑥After coculture with LMP1-positive lymphoma cells, cytokine secretion in the LMP1 CAR-T cell group was higher than that in the vector-T cell group [interferon-gamma: (703±73) ng/L vs (422±87) ng/L, t=2.478, P=0.068; tumor necrosis factor-alpha: (215±35) ng/L vs (125±2) ng/L, t=2.536, P=0.064]. Conclusion: In this study, we found that the LMP1 protein is only found on the surface of the EBV-positive tumor cell. Simultaneously, we created an LMP1 CAR-expressing plasmid and obtained LMP1 CAR-T cells by infecting T cells with a lentivirus packaging system. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LMP1 CAR-T cells could specifically kill LMP1-positive tumor cells in vitro. The degranulation and activation effects of LMP1 CAR-T cells were enhanced after coculture with LMP1-positive tumor cells, indicating a potential clinical application.目的： 制备一种靶向LMP1抗原的嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T细胞），研究其对EB病毒（EBV）阳性淋巴瘤的免疫治疗作用。 方法： 应用分子克隆技术构建二代LMP1 CAR表达质粒，通过慢病毒包装体系包装病毒后感染人T细胞，获得LMP1 CAR-T细胞，体外实验验证LMP1 CAR-T细胞对感染EBV后的LMP1阳性淋巴瘤细胞的特异性细胞毒性作用。 结果： ①LMP1蛋白表达于EBV阳性的淋巴瘤细胞表面；②成功构建了二代LMP1 CAR慢病毒载体，感染人T细胞，获取LMP1 CAR-T细胞，感染效率大于80%；③LMP1 CAR-T细胞可特异性杀伤LMP1阳性淋巴瘤细胞，当效靶比按4∶1共培养48 h后，LMP1 CAR-T细胞对Raji细胞的杀伤作用增强，对Ramos细胞无明显杀伤作用；④与LMP1阳性淋巴瘤细胞按1∶1共培养5 h后，LMP1 CAR-T细胞处理组CD107a(+) T细胞比例显著高于Vector-T细胞组[（13.25±2.94）%对（1.55±0.05）%，t＝3.972，P＝0.017]，脱颗粒效果增强；⑤与LMP1阳性淋巴瘤细胞共培养后，LMP1 CAR-T细胞组CD69(+)、CD25(+) T细胞比例显高于Vector-T细胞组[（7.40±0.41）%对（3.48±0.47）%，t＝6.268，P＝0.003；（73.00±4.73）%对（57.67±2.60）%，t＝2.842，P＝0.047]，活化效应增强。⑥与LMP1阳性淋巴瘤细胞共培养后，LMP1 CAR-T细胞组细胞因子分泌增强，高于Vector-T细胞组[IFN-γ：（703±73）ng/L对（422±87）ng/L，t＝2.478，P＝0.068；TNF-α：（215±35）ng/L对（125±2）ng/L，t＝2.536，P＝0.064]。 结论： 该研究证实EBV阳性淋巴瘤细胞表面可特异表达LMP1蛋白，成功构建了LMP1 CAR慢病毒载体并感染人T细胞，成功获得LMP1 CAR-T细胞。体外实验证实：与LMP1阳性淋巴瘤细胞共培养后，LMP1 CAR-T细胞脱颗粒效果增强，活化效应增强，高效分泌细胞因子，可特异杀伤LMP1阳性淋巴瘤细胞，具有潜在的临床应用前景。.Keywords:
Raji cell
Human lymphoid cell lines were studied as an experimental model for the spontaneous or induced occurrence of tuburloreticular structures (TRS). It was possible to induce TRS after culturing the EB-3 cell line with 20 mug/ml bromodeoxyuridine (BrUdR) during 96 h. Starvation, culturing at lower temperature (32 degrees) or inhibition of DNA synthesis did not give rise to the production of TRS. The response to BrUdR could be blocked with 60 mug/ml thymidine but not with 60 mug/ml deoxycytidine. The addition of 5 mug/ml cytarabine or the removal of BrUdR at different times resulted in inhibition of TRS induction, indicating that BrUdR had to be incorporated into DNA during at least 48 h. After incorporation, neither the presence of BrUdR nor DNA synthesis was necessary for the production of TRS. These experiments and the finding that in the cell line IHTC-33, which does not produce Epstein-Barr virus associated antigens, TRS were spontaneously present, exclude a correlation between TRS and these antigens. However, the induction of TRS by BrUdR may be related to the activation of another (latent) virus.
Thymidine
Bromodeoxyuridine
Deoxyuridine
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Neoplasm
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The aim of the study was to characterize Raji, P3HR-1 and Namalwa cell lines in the aspect of their usefulness for the research on virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) reactivation, with the participation of Toll-like receptors (TLR). During a 12-day experiment, optimal conditions of cultivation (RPMI with 10% FCS at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2) were determined. In these conditions cells showed logarithmic growth. The presence of the DNA EBV was confirmed by the PCR method, showing that 12-day long maintenance of cells does not cause the loss of the virus. The presence of genes encoding TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 was also confirmed by PCR. The TLRs expression at the mRNA level in cells subjected to 24h stimulation with TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 agonist (Pam3CSK4, Poly(I:C) and LPS, respectively) was determined by the RT PCR method. The presence ofTLR4 mRNA was confirmed in the case of Namalwa cells stimulated by Pam3CSK and LPS, and P3HR cells stimulated by Pam3CSK4. In the case of Raji cells the expression of none of the receptors was confirmed at the mRNA level in cells with and without stimulation.
Raji cell
TLR3
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Transferrin receptor
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Hybridoma technology
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Oral vaccine development is reliant upon specific targeting of antigens to the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT is comprised of isolated and aggregated lymphoid follicles. Follicle associated epithelia (FAE) contains both enterocytes and specialized M cells, which perform the key role of luminal sampling and transport of antigens to lymphoid tissues cells beneath (FAE), initiating the mucosal immune response. The antigen-sampling M-cells are exploited by a number of pathogens including Salmonella (Autenrieth et al., 1996) or Yersinia (Jones et al., 1994). Pathogen receptors expressed by M cells have potential as target for the delivery of vaccine antigens. In this study we used the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2 cells, co-cultured with Raji B cells to stimulate differentiation of M cell like cells, in order to model this interface in vitro. Transwell based Caco-2/Raji B cell culture model (Gullberg, 2000, Mack et al. 2009) allow for the study of M cells in vitro and can play a crucial role in the development of targeted oral vaccines (Tyrer, 2007). However Caco-2 cells are polyclonal nature and this high diversity has resulted in the need for standardised protocols (concerning passage number, time of usage postseeding and cell source) to be strictly followed. Caco-2 cells were also found to migrate through pores of transwell membranes as evidenced by election microscopy showing cells present on both sides of the transwell membrane. Presence of a second cell layer should be considered when using in vitro M cell models. Therefore, Caco-2 cells were cultured in transwells positioned in either an inverted or upright orientation to investigate the effect on Caco-2 cell migration through membrane. Bacterial transport of E. coli HMN 075 (either live or killed) and killed non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) were examined using these models in order to confirm model functionality for investigating transcytosis and cell signalling pathways in M cell like cells.
Microfold cell
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By using DNA electrophoresis and propidium iodide (PI) staining flow cytometry (FACS) analysis, we studied the mechanisms of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM), human LAK cells induced DNA fragmentation of two leukemic cell lines (U937 cells and Raji cells) and two solid tumor cell lines (SW1116 cells and Hep-2 cells), a hallmark of apoptosis. The reactions were carried out at the effector/target ratio of 1:1 and in 4 hr coculture. Pretreatment with RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors (actinomycin D and cycloheximide) did not prevent the target cells from apoptosis. As the TNF-resistant tumor cell lines such as SW1116 cells and Raji cells were also triggered to apoptosis, other factors than TNF would play the role. DNA-PI staining FACS analysis also suggested that a part of LAK cells underwent apoptosis to some extent during incubation with target cells. The results provide a new way to investigate the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of LAK cells and to enhance the efficacy of adoptive tumor therapy with LAK cells.
Lymphokine-activated killer cell
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