Global research into cash transfers to prevent intimate partner violence
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We applaud Merike Blofield and colleagues (January, 2022)1Blofield M Knaul F Calderon-Anyosa R et al.A diagonal and social protection plus approach to meet the challenges of the covid-19 syndemic: cash transfers and intimate partner violence interventions in Latin America.Lancet Glob Health. 2022; 10: e148-e153Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar for highlighting the potential of cash transfer programmes to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the basis of our research in Latin America and other regions, we argue that the potential of cash transfers to reduce IPV is relevant globally. We also note important nuances to the points made by Blofield and colleagues, some of which are particularly relevant for other regions where the prevalence of IPV is highest. The authors limit their focus to this region, partly because Latin America's cash transfer programmes are among the most established. However, nascent cash transfer programmes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia also provide a unique opportunity to build integrated efforts for IPV prevention from inception. A key pathway through which cash transfers reduce IPV is by reducing poverty, and the impact is particularly strong in low-income countries. Indeed, gender-responsive social protection (including cash transfers) is key to sustainably reducing poverty. The authors focus on conditional cash transfers, noting that these programmes improve economic autonomy despite burdening women with having to fulfil conditions. We clarify that the evidence does not suggest that improvements in women's outcomes require these conditions. Unconditional cash transfer programmes have led to increased women's economic autonomy without increasing their time burden.2Bonilla J Zarzur RC Handa S et al.Cash for women's empowerment? A mixed-methods evaluation of the government of Zambia's child grant program.World Dev. 2017; 95: 55-72Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar Given that conditions can penalise the most marginalised households, we recommend that cash transfer programmes avoid hard conditions from the outset. The authors' Viewpoint centres on programmes targeted to women. However, cash transfers targeted to households can also reduce IPV, because cash transfers can alleviate risk factors for IPV (including poverty and associated household conflict) regardless of the transfer recipient.3Buller A Peterman A Ranganathan M Bleile A Hidrobo M Heise L A mixed-method review of cash transfers and intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries.World Bank Res Obser. 2018; 33: 218-258Crossref Scopus (82) Google Scholar Although targeting cash transfers to women might have additional benefits, it is not needed for cash transfers to reduce IPV. Moreover, effective case management that links households receiving cash transfers to other services can additionally reduce and respond to violence,4Botea I Coudouel A Heinemann A Kuttner S Safety first: how to leverage social safety nets to prevent gender based violence. World Bank, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar regardless of which household member is targeted for cash transfer. Blofield and colleagues1Blofield M Knaul F Calderon-Anyosa R et al.A diagonal and social protection plus approach to meet the challenges of the covid-19 syndemic: cash transfers and intimate partner violence interventions in Latin America.Lancet Glob Health. 2022; 10: e148-e153Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar call for more evidence from Latin America on cash transfers with complementary components aimed at violence reduction. We agree that more evidence is needed from Latin America, but we advocate for a broader research agenda. Through the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative, we are generating mixed-methods evidence from Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia on how the impacts of cash transfer programmes are shaped by design features, complementary programming, and contextual factors, as well as whether impacts are sustained after the programme.5International Food Policy Research InstituteCash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative.https://www.ifpri.org/project/cash-transfer-and-intimate-partner-violence-research-collaborativeDate: 2021Date accessed: December 8, 2021Google Scholar We also call for evidence on cash transfers in crisis settings, which is increasingly crucial to inform programming for IPV prevention among vulnerable women globally. We declare no competing interests. A diagonal and social protection plus approach to meet the challenges of the COVID-19 syndemic: cash transfers and intimate partner violence interventions in Latin AmericaLatin America has been particularly hard hit by the COVID-19 syndemic, including the associated economic fallout that has threatened the livelihoods of most families. Social protection platforms and policies should have a crucial role in safeguarding individual and family wellbeing; however, the response has been insufficient to address the scale of the crisis. In this Viewpoint, we focus on two policy challenges of the COVID-19 syndemic: rapidly and effectively providing financial support to the many families that lost livelihoods, and responding to and mitigating the increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). Full-Text PDF Open AccessKeywords:
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Combining Conditional Cash Transfers and Primary Health Care to Reduce Childhood Mortality in Brazil
Strategies adopted to reduce child mortality in developing countries are usually focused on interventions addressing biological causes, without considering its key underlying determinants. Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are poverty reduction interventions that transfer money to poor households with the requirement that parents comply with specific conditions focused on improving health and education for their children.
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ABSTRACT Conditional Cash Transfer programmes aim to alleviate short‐term poverty through cash transfers to poor households, and to reduce longer‐term poverty through making these transfers conditional on household investment in the health and education of children. These programmes have become increasingly popular with institutions such as the World Bank. However, the need for conditionalities has been questioned on a number of levels, including its necessity: it has been suggested that the cash transfer in itself may be sufficient to secure most of the programme's wider aims. The example of Nicaragua supports this contention, demonstrating that only a small incentive is needed to bring the desired changes in the uptake of education, since this is something prized by the poor themselves. In health, the Nicaraguan case suggests that demand‐side initiatives might not be as important as supply‐side changes that improve the affordability and accessibility of services. The Nicaragua case also highlights the long‐term limitations of applying such programmes in countries with high levels of poverty and low economic growth. A gendered analysis of the programme highlights the fact that women ‘beneficiaries’ bear the economic and social cost of the programme without apparent benefit to themselves or even necessarily to the household in the short or longer term.
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Abstract The positive effects of conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs) in Latin America have led to the recommendation that CCTs should be promoted. This may be premature since there is not much knowledge about the critical factors that have led to the positive results. Areas suffering from humanitarian crises, insufficient food supply and poor connection to the nearby markets should not be considered for cash transfer programmes. Several policy implications are identified: (1) The implications of conditionality should be carefully assessed before embarking on these types of programmes as they tend to exclude the most vulnerable groups. (2) One will usually get more poverty reduction for the budget by using broad targeting. (3) Gender equality should be a part of the overall design. (4) Rigorous impact evaluations of universal cash transfer programmes may be important for their future popularity.
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Conditional cash transfers are a departure from more traditional approaches to social assistance that represents an innovative and increasingly popular channel for the delivery of social services. Conditional cash transfers provide money to poor families contingent upon certain behaviour, usually investments in human capital such as sending children to school or bringing them to health centres on a regular basis. They seek both to address traditional short-term income support objectives and promote the longer-term accumulation of human capital by serving as a demand-side complement to the supply of health and education services. Evaluation results reveal that this innovative design has been quite successful in addressing many of the failures in delivering social assistance such as poor poverty targeting, disincentive effects and limited welfare impacts. There is clear evidence of success from the first generation of programmes in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Nicaragua in increasing enrolment rates, improving preventive healthcare and raising household consumption. Despite this promising evidence, many questions remain unanswered about conditional cash transfer programmes, including the replicability of their success under different conditions their ability to address a broader range of challenges posed by poor and vulnerable populations, their within a broader social protection system, and their long-term effectiveness in preventing the intergenerational transmission of poverty.
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Since the mid-1990s a new trend in social policies has appeared in Latin America: the provision of grants to targeted poor households on condition that they engage in human capital investments, such as sending children to school and making periodic visits to health centres. These programmes, known as conditional cash transfers (CCTs), address demand-side constraints for structural poverty reduction, through an incentive scheme that combines the short-term objectives of safety nets with long-term goals of breaking intergenerational poverty traps.
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Conditional cash transfers are a departure from more traditional approaches to social assistance that represents an innovative and increasingly popular channel for the delivery of social services. Conditional cash transfers provide money to poor families contingent upon certain behaviour, usually investments in human capital such as sending children to school or bringing them to health centres on a regular basis. They seek both to address traditional short‐term income support objectives and promote the longer‐term accumulation of human capital by serving as a demand‐side complement to the supply of health and education services. Evaluation results reveal that this innovative design has been quite successful in addressing many of the failures in delivering social assistance such as poor poverty targeting, disincentive effects and limited welfare impacts. There is clear evidence of success from the first generation of programmes in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Nicaragua in increasing enrolment rates, improving preventive healthcare and raising household consumption. Despite this promising evidence, many questions remain unanswered about conditional cash transfer programmes, including the replicability of their success under different
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This paper intends to contribute to the general debate on how social protection policies can be a response to multidimensional poverty through the comparison of two current sets of anti-poverty social policies in Latin America: Conditional Cash Transfer Programs and the Integration of Social Protection Programs. The comparison addresses the similarities and differences of each program as well as the main challenges Conditional Cash Transfers have faced in their implementation in order to be successful and how relevant lessons learned could be applied to Integration Social Protection Programs; also tackles the discussions surrounding Conditional Cash Transfers under the lens of the Integration Social Protection Programs. The discussions brought are: targeting/universalism; conditional/unconditional; incentives and gender. At the end the paper focuses on the Colombian experience in the implementation Integration Social Protection Program called Red Juntos, presenting the strategy and its main implementation challenges.
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Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes aimed at families with children sprang up in the mid-1990s in Brazil and Mexico, with the aim of addressing two simultaneous objectives: (i) reduce poverty in the short term, by boosting poor families’ consumption via monetary transfers, and (ii) reduce poverty in the long term by building the human capacities of children, adolescents and young people via conditionalities. The hypothesis was that the combination of transfers and conditionalities would held to prevent poverty form being passed on to the next generation.
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