The five major autoimmune diseases increase the risk of cancer: epidemiological data from a large‐scale cohort study in China
Ziyue ZhouHuazhen LiuYiying YangJingya ZhouLidan ZhaoHua ChenYunyun FeiWen ZhangMengtao LiYan ZhaoXiaofeng ZengFengchun ZhangHuaxia YangXuan Zhang
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Cancer incidence and mortality have received critical attention during the long-term management of morbidities in patients with autoimmune diseases (AIDs). This study aimed to investigate and compare the risk of cancer associated with five major AIDs in a large-scale Chinese cohort.Keywords:
Standardized mortality ratio
The concentration of soluble interleukin 2 receptor was determined in serum samples from 19 patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The concentration of soluble interleukin 2 receptor in serum samples from patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis was higher than that in samples from normal subjects.
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In this review article the author stresses the fact that it is difficult to find a classification which fulfils all clinical, morphological and pathogenetic criteria and that is not advisable to separate the late onset myopathies of M. Shy from the group of polymyositis. Treatment with high doses of corticosteroids is useful in most cases, whereas in individual patients immunosuppressive agents may be tried.
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In this study, clinical, histopathological and immunological profiles were analysed in ten patients with inflammatory myopathies. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis were more common than other forms of inflammatory myopathies. The pathogenetic mechanisms and distinguishing histopathological and immunological profiles between polymyositis and dermatomyositis have been highlighted.
Inflammatory myopathy
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The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, collectively called myositis, are a heterogeneous group of diseases of which polymyositis and dermatomyositis are the best known. These heterogeneous group of chronic disordes sharing the clinical symptom of muscle weakness and, in typical cases, inflammatory cell infiltrates in muscle tissue. There are four major types of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myositis and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (autoimmune necrotizing myopathies). Clinical and histopatological distinctions between these conditions suggest that different pathogenic processes underline each of the inflammatory myopathies.
Inclusion body myositis
Pathogenesis
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The clinical, laboratory and pathologic characteristics in eight cases of polymyositis or dermatomyositis are described, with certain observations concerning clinical course and therapy. The author considers polymyositis and dermatomyositis to be variants of a single pathologic entity which can be separated from rheumatoid disease. Es describite le characteristics clinic, laboratorial, e pathologic de octo casos de polymyositis o dermatomyositis. Observationes relative al curso clinic e al therapia es includite. Le autor considera polymyositis e dermatomyositis como variantes de un sol entitate pathologic que pote esser differentiate ab morbo rheumatoide.
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Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
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Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are two inflammatory muscle diseases of unknown origin mediated by a dysimmune mechanism via a cytotoxic effect against the muscle fiber in polymyositis and a humoral effect against the muscle vessels in dermatomyositis. First line treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis is still based on corticosteroid therapy. In case of failure, corticosteroid dependence, or intolerance, a second line treatment using immunosuppressors or polyvalent human intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) is usually associated. We report our experience with IVIg in the treatment of 50 patients with myositis unresponsive to corticosteroids and immunosuppressors. Thirty-five patients had polymyositis and 15 had dermatomyositis. We discuss the possible mechanisms and their precise role in the therapeutic armamentarium in these dysimmune diseases.
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Abstract Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are diseases characterized by muscle weakness and muscle inflammatory infiltrates. Their pathogenesis remains unclear. A central role for endomysial autoaggressive CD8+ T cells is suspected in polymyositis and for perivascular B cells in dermatomyositis. We compared the T cell repertoire of 10 polymyositis and 10 dermatomyositis patients by immunoscope, a method providing a global assessment of the T cell repertoire and a sensitive detection of clonal T cell expansions. Samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in the blood (unsorted cells and CD4+ and CD8+ cells) and in muscle infiltrates. Dramatic perturbations of the T cell repertoire were observed in the blood of polymyositis but not dermatomyositis patients (p < 0.0005), the latter being undistinguishable from controls. These perturbations were due to oligoclonal expansions of CD8+ T cells and most blood clonal expansions were also found in muscle. These results indicate that the pathogenesis of polymyositis and dermatomyositis is different and reinforce the view that polymyositis but not dermatomyositis is an autoimmune CD8+ T cell-mediated disease. Moreover, this method may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of polymyositis and dermatomyositis and for noninvasive follow-up of polymyositis patients.
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The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, collectively named myositis, can be subclassified into polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis. Patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis usually respond to immunosuppressive treatment, at least with partial improvement, whereas patients with inclusion body myositis often are treatment resistant. These differences in treatment response suggest different pathogenic mechanisms and that treatment strategies should be different in these different subsets of myositis. Only a few controlled trials have been performed in patients with myositis, thus treatment recommendations are mainly based on case series and clinical experience. This lecture will include update on (1) Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment (exercise) for polymyositis and dermatomyositis; (2) The role of biologics in myositis (2) Outcome measures for polymyositis and dermatomyositis, and (3) Treatment recommendations for inclusion body myositis. For polymyositis and dermatomyositis there is scientific data to support that treatment should be based on a combination of immunosuppressive treatment and physical exercise. The basis of treatment is still glucocorticoids often with high starting doses e.g. 0.75- 1 mg/kg/day needed. Improvement of muscle performance is often slow and high doses of glucocorticoids may be needed for 1 month of more. As side effects of glucocorticoids are common and some patients may not respond favorably to glucocorticoid treatment alone, most experts suggest another immunosuppressive agent as glucocorticoid saving and to improve the effects of treatment. The most often used drugs are methotrexate and azathioprine. So far the experience of biologics in treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis is limited but the results of a placebo-controlled trial using rituximab will be discussed. Physical exercise in combination with immunosuppressive drugs has clear beneficial effects in established disease on muscle performance and health related quality of life and should be recommended. Furthermore, physical exercise seems to be safe also in early phases of disease. The most important outcome measure in polymyositis and dermatomyositis is muscle performance, strength and endurance, and the influence of disease activity or damage respectively on these measures. In addition, both polymyositis and dermatomyositis, are systemic inflammatory diseases and other organs are frequently involved and therefore also need to be measured. The variability of disease manifestations of polymyositis and dermatomyositis is captured using the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS) core set of disease activity. Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a slowly progressive disorder, where the importance of the immune system in the pathophysiology is unclear. Some patients experience a partial improvement with glucocorticoids in the initial phases of disease whereas other patients do not respond at al. therefore IBM is an important differential diagnosis to refractory polymyositis. Characteristics of IBM will be discussed as well as results of some pharmacological interventions.
Disclosure of Interest
None DeclaredInclusion body myositis
Antisynthetase syndrome
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