Precarious Asia: Global Capitalism and Work in Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia
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the rise of precarious work through a systematic comparative study of Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia.The methodological design aims to identify the historical trajectories as well as the similarities and differences in the contemporary transformations in the three nations.Utilising quantitative and qualitative data, the authors find that "the extent and consequences of precarious work reflect the relative strengths or weaknesses of transnational and domestic capital and labour in particular sectors of the economy" (175).As economic inequality and poverty have deepened across all three Asian countries in recent decades, they conclude that "class-based redistribution of income and wealth" is much needed to "reduce the inequality between nonregular and regular workers" ( 14).This trans-disciplinary research clearly informs a new direction in social policy debate, rather than prescribing barely adequate services or financial needs to the most adversely affected individuals.Abstract A growing number of historians are self‐identifying as historians of capitalism, a new subfield within the discipline, and have produced research on interesting new questions that transcend the subfields of economic, business, social, cultural, and political history. Ironically, what is missing from the “new” history of capitalism is any serious engagement with the new subfield's central character—capitalism, which instead is simply assumed despite being a contested concept. The implications are not trivial and include making unfalsifiable claims, unwittingly implying that capitalism is totalizing, and reproducing rather than exposing ahistorical understandings of the concept.
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Capitalism has spread throughout the world. It is all-pervasive. It has reached the point where virtually all societies in the world are affected—culturally, politically, economically. When we think of capitalism, we most often think of it as an economic system, and far too many of our discussions, analyses and understandings of capitalism are predominately economic. But capitalism is far more than economics. Capitalism is multidimensional. We are confronted by it not only in economic activity but also in virtually all aspects of life.
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Abstract Loïc Wacquant’s essay, “The Trap of ‘Racial Capitalism’”, asks whether the term is “a conceptual solution or a conceptual problem”. His answer is forthright. He argues that racial capitalism has no place in a properly defined and understood social science. In this contribution, we set out the limitations, as we perceive them, of Wacquant’s own analysis and, at the same time, discuss other difficulties of the idea of racial capitalism. These, we suggest, are associated with an absence common to Wacquant and the major proponents of racial capitalism alike; namely, a failure to reckon systematically with the ways in which modern capitalism arises and develops within the global structures of European colonialism.
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Marx's theory on the division of social formation provides theoretical basis for the study of the development stages of capitalism. According to the stage qualitative change of the means of production in the whole quantitative change, capitalism can be divided into five stages: individual capitalism, collective capitalism, aggregative capitalism, national capitalism and international capitalism. Based on the partial qualitative change of the means of production in the whole quantitative change, capitalism can be separated into three stages: feudal capitalism, capitalism proper and social capitalism.
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In the article, the authors pose and consider in detail the extremely topical question of whether capitalism has a future or will it be replaced by some new system. And if there is a future, then what kind of future is it? These are not new questions, but in the last few years they have acquired exceptional importance, since not only the left, but also representatives of the largest financial capital have started talking about the end of capitalism. The article deals with the following questions: what is capitalism as a way of life and as a system; what was the evolution of capitalism; what are his potentialities. In addition, various scenarios are considered and forecasts are given for the next 50–100 years. It is assumed that in the next few decades the development of capitalism may proceed differently in developed and developing countries, resulting in a complex continuum of types, transitions, combinations and forms of capitalism. The authors believe that capitalism will be inevitably transformed to one degree or another, but the degree of such transformation can vary greatly. Various scenarios for the future of capitalism are considered: from maintaining its leading role to reducing capitalism to one of a few socio-economic subsystems.
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Capitalism has transformed considerably since it started. We are now in a very distinct stage of its development. ‘How did we get here?’ examines the development of industrial capitalism and divides it into three stages: anarchic capitalism, managed capitalism, and remarketized capitalism. The deficiencies and conflicts of anarchic capitalism led to the development of a managed capitalism, which showed that it is possible to protect people from the worst consequences of free market forces with state intervention and regulation. Managed capitalism generated its own problems, however, and a second transformation to remarketized capitalism has provided greater choice and more freedom for the individual, but also a less secure life, intensified work pressures, and greater inequality.
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The article examines the reasons for the superior performance of East Asia in containing the human and economic costs of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The East Asian model is based on solidarity and priority of collective interests over individual interests, whereas the Western model emphasizes competition and guarantees of individual rights. The quantifiable characteristics that allow to draw a distinction between the two models are income and wealth inequalities, property and control over corporations, institutional capacity of the state (measured as homicide rate and the size of shadow economy), and trust in the government. Because of the East Asian model’s superiority in these respects, both the number of infections and the mortality rates from COVID-19 in China and other East Asian countries were lower than in Western countries by two orders of magnitude. Besides, the 2020 economic crisis associated with the pandemic was much deeper in the West than in East Asia. These developments give new arguments in support of the views that East Asian economic and social model is more viable than the Western model. Continued rise of East Asia and proliferation of East Asian model in the developing world will lead to profound changes in the world economic order.
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Capitalism used to be a singular term, but, like many keywords in English, now is often presented and discussed as a plural: capitalisms. Whereas capitalism formerly stood for what today is called industrial capitalism, scholars currently talk about varieties of capitalism: commercial capitalism, industrial capitalism, financial capitalism, and neoliberal capitalism, to name but the most prominent historical variants. Given this proliferation, and the inherent difficulty of defining capitalism, singular, it is important to be clear about the meaning and function of our object of inquiry. After all, “different definitions lead to different conclusions and may make for very different histories.”
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Both China and Japan are located in East Asia, and have similar Confucianism cultue. The paper explores the changes in population age structure of both China and Japan, compares the population aging among older old between these two countries, and explores whether there is an East Asia model in which China and Japan show both similarities and differences. Finally, the paper is going to summarize the Japans experiences that may have enlightenments to China.
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