Crystal facet effect induced by different pretreatment of Cu2O nanowire electrode for enhanced electrochemical CO2 reduction to C2+ products
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Carbon fibers
The electrochemistry of , , , , and has been studied in several organic solvents containing in view of their application as positive electrodes in rechargeable magnesium batteries. Only showed promising coulombic capacity and reversibility. Mg2+ insertion into this oxide depends on the ratio between the amounts of and Mg2+ as well as on the absolute amount of in the electrolyte. Water molecules preferentially solvating Mg2+ions appear to facilitate the insertion process. The highest coulombic capacities of up to 170 Ah/kg were reached in acetonitrile solutions containing .
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Monoclinic crystal system
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Summary form only given. We report the results of dependence of the capacities in the lithium rechargeable batteries on the crystal structure of the carbon electrode. It was found that when the crystal size (Lc) of the carbon electrode is increased, both reversible and irreversible capacities are decreased in the first cycle. Further, the irreversible capacity is not only dependent on the crystal size, but also on the electrolyte decomposition reaction, and the reactions between lithium and functional groups in the carbon electrode in all range of applied potentials. It has been suggested that there are two kinds of Li ions in the carbon electrode, namely, Li ion located on the edge and the surface of the crystal layers in the carbon electrode, and Li ion located between the crystal layers. The relationship between the reversible capacity and the crystal size will be explained. New model will be presented.
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TiO2 nanosheets (TiO2NSs) have been investigated for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries as strategically designed TiO2 nanosheet/carbon nanotube (TiO2NS/CNT) composite modified polypropylene (PP) separator to inhibit the shuttling of the intermediate polysulfides. The modified separator was fabricated by the vacuum filtration method using the exfoliation TiO2NSs and untreated carbon nanotube (CNT) composites. The multi-functional TiO2NS/CNT coating not only reduced the electrochemical resistance but also localized the migrating polysulfides by the cooperative effect of physical adsorption and chemical binding. Specifically, the composition ratio of TiO2NSs/CNTs and the interface character have been studied. It was found that the optimum ratio and perfect electrolyte wettability of the TiO2NS/CNT layers were all the critical reasons to achieve good battery performance. The high initial discharge capacity of 1247 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C rate, which was 75% of the theoretical capacity of sulfur, 98% average coulombic efficiency, and 627 mA h g−1 discharge capacity retention after 100 cycles were obtained with the TiO2NS/CNT coating separator.
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Separator (oil production)
Polysulfide
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Quaternary ammonium salts have been studied as ionic liquids for electrochemical applications, including sodium batteries. Mixtures of benzyltrialkylammonium chlorides with chloroaluminate formed ionic liquids near room temperature. The maximum coulombic efficiency for the reduction and re-oxidation of sodium ions with benzyltriethylammonium chloride ionic liquid was over 91%. The self-discharge current for a sodium electrode in this ionic liquid was 32.7 and 18 μA/cm2 by chronopotentiometry at tungsten electrodes at 6.37 and 2.55 mA/cm2, respectively. These are comparable to values in 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium chloride melt. Issues with the coulombic efficiencies and the self-discharge currents are discussed. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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ZnCo₂O₄ nanosheets with large surface area and mesoporous structure were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method followed with a calcination process. When applied as the anode material in sodium ion batteries, the ZnCo₂O₄ nanosheets demonstrated a high initial charge capacity of 415.1 mAh/g at the current density of 100 mA/g. Even though the reversible capacity decreased in the first 20 cycles, it stayed relatively stable afterwards and retained 330 mAh/g after 100 cycles. This result was superior to those of many reported works of ZnO- and Co₃O₄-based anodes for sodium ion batteries, which might be due to the synergistic effect of both Zn and Co, and the refined porous nanosheet-like structure which facilitates electrochemical reactions by providing more reaction sites and ensures cycling stability by providing more space to accommodate the structural strains during cycles.
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Electrolyte cation size is known to influence the electrochemical reduction of CO2 over metals; however, a satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon has not been developed. We report here that these effects can be attributed to a previously unrecognized consequence of cation hydrolysis occurring in the vicinity of the cathode. With increasing cation size, the pKa for cation hydrolysis decreases and is sufficiently low for hydrated K+, Rb+, and Cs+ to serve as buffering agents. Buffering lowers the pH near the cathode, leading to an increase in the local concentration of dissolved CO2. The consequences of these changes are an increase in cathode activity, a decrease in Faradaic efficiencies for H2 and CH4, and an increase in Faradaic efficiencies for CO, C2H4, and C2H5OH, in full agreement with experimental observations for CO2 reduction over Ag and Cu.
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