A new insight into the mechanism in Fe3O4@CuO/PMS system with low oxidant dosage
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Abstract Colloidal dispersions of polymer-protected Pd/Pt and Pd/Au bimetallic clusters were prepared by reduction of an alcoholic solution of PdCl2 and H2PtCl6 or HAuCl4 in the presence of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone). The reduction can be carried out by refluxing in alcohol or by irradiation with visible light. The dispersions of the bimetallic clusters obtained are stable for months at room temperature and have from dark brown to brownish red color. Transmission electron micrographs show that the bimetallic clusters are composed of well-dispersed ultrafine particles of uniform size, about 1.5 nm for Pd-Pd and 3.4 nm for Pd-Au in diameter. The catalytic activity of the bimetallic clusters depends on the metal composition. In the case of the partial hydrogenation of 1, 3-cyclooctadiene, the activity went through a maximum when the alloy composition reached about 80% Pd and 20% Pt, or 60% Pd and 40% Au.
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This critical review summarizes recent advances on the preparation, characterization and application of Aubased bimetallic Au-M catalysts. Particularly bimetallic Au-Pd, Au-Pt and Au-Ag catalysts have been emphasized. The diversity of the structure and combination of these bimetallic Au-M catalysts leads to various catalytic performances in, i.e., oxidation, hydrogenation, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic reactions. The promotional effects of Au have been discussed by its electronic and geometric modifications of active metals. Efforts on controlling the structure (morphology, particle size and growth of crystalline) of supported bimetallic Au-M catalysts via advanced synthetic approaches have been elaborated. An overview on the challenges and opportunities for future research toward the understanding of catalytic chemistry of gold-based bimetallic systems has also been presented along with the descrption of few of the recent patents. Keywords: Bimetallic catalyst, nanoalloy, gold-based catalysts, Au-Pd, Au-Cu, Au-Ag.
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Heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts have broad applications in industrial processes, but achieving a fundamental understanding on the nature of the active sites in bimetallic catalysts at the atomic and molecular level is very challenging due to the structural complexity of the bimetallic catalysts. Comparing the structural features and the catalytic performances of different bimetallic entities will favor the formation of a unified understanding of the structure-reactivity relationships in heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts and thereby facilitate the upgrading of the current bimetallic catalysts. In this review, we will discuss the geometric and electronic structures of three representative types of bimetallic catalysts (bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) and then summarize the synthesis methodologies and characterization techniques for different bimetallic entities, with emphasis on the recent progress made in the past decade. The catalytic applications of supported bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for a series of important reactions are discussed. Finally, we will discuss the future research directions of catalysis based on supported bimetallic catalysts and, more generally, the prospective developments of heterogeneous catalysis in both fundamental research and practical applications.
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Bacterial growth potential was measured in an ultrapure-water pilot plant by modified assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and UV-oxidizable carbon tests. An ion-exchange unit increased UV-oxidizable carbon, yet did not significantly (P greater than or equal to 0.05) alter AOC values. UV radiation decreased UV-oxidizable carbon and increased AOC.
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Abstract The existence of bimetallic particles (and their reducibility and location on/or in the support) in Ru–Co/NaY and Pt–Co/NaY samples has been studied by in situ X‐ray adsorption spectroscopy (XAS). It is established that in Ru–Co/NaY the monometallic clusters maintain their identity, whereas in Pt–Co/NaY the existence of small bimetallic particles can be established. In both cases the results are supported by other techniques, such as XPS and temperature‐programmed reduction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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X-ray absorption spectroscopy
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