Transcriptome analysis and differential gene expression profiling of wucai (Brassica campestris L.) in response to cold stress
Chenggang WangMengyun ZhangJiajie ZhouXun GaoShidong ZhuLingyun YuanXilin HouTongkun LiuGuohu ChenXiaoyan TangGuolei ShanJinfeng Hou
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Abstract Background Wucai suffers from low temperature during the growth period, resulting in a decline in yield and poor quality. But the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in wucai are still unclear. Results According to the phenotypes and physiological indexes, we screened out the cold-tolerant genotype “W18” (named CT) and cold-sensitive genotype “Sw-1” (named CS) in six wucai genotypes. We performed transcriptomic analysis using seedling leaves after 24 h of cold treatment. A total of 3536 and 3887 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the low temperature (LT) and control (NT) comparative transcriptome in CT and CS, respectively, with 1690 DEGs specific to CT. The gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the response to cadmium ion (GO:0,046,686), response to jasmonic acid (GO:0,009,753), and response to wounding (GO:0,009,611) were enriched in CT (LT vs NT). The DEGs were enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism and glutathione metabolism in both groups, and α-linolenic acid metabolism was enriched only in CT (LT vs NT). DEGs in these processes, including glutathione S-transferase s ( GST s), 13S lipoxygenase ( LOX ), and jasmonate ZIM-domain ( JAZ ), as well as transcription factors (TFs), such as the ethylene-responsive transcription factor 53 (ERF53), basic helix-loop-helix 92 (bHLH92), WRKY53, and WRKY54.We hypothesize that these genes play important roles in the response to cold stress in this species. Conclusions Our data for wucai is consistent with previous studies that suggest starch and sucrose metabolism increased the content of osmotic substances, and the glutathione metabolism pathway enhance the active oxygen scavenging. These two pathways may participated in response to cold stress. In addition, the activation of α-linolenic acid metabolism may promote the synthesis of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which might also play a role in the cold tolerance of wucai.Keywords:
Jasmonic acid
Jasmonate
Methyl jasmonate
인삼모상근의 생장과 ginsenosides의 함량을 높이기 위하여 생장조절체가 첨가되지않은 1/2 MS 배지에 jasmonic acid와 methyl jasmonate의 농도와 처리시기를 달리하여 인삼모상근 KGHR-8 세포주를 배양하였다. 인삼모상근 생장은 jasmonic acid와 methyl jasmonate 모두 1 μM 농도에서 가장 양호하였으며 30 μM 이상 농도가 증가할수록 모상근생장이 감소하였다. 그러나 생장이 낮았던 jasmonic acid 10 μM 처리구와 methyl jasmonate 50 μM에서 ginsenosides 함량과 생산성이 더 높았다. 배양시기별로 jasmonic acid와 methyl jasmonate의 처리 효과는 jasmonic acid는 배양 후 4주, methyl jasmonate는 3주에 처리하는 것이 ginsenosides의 함량과 생산성을 높이는데 효과적이었다.
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Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, methyl salicylate, and methyl jasmonate are important phytohormones and defensive signaling compounds, so it is of great importance to determine their levels rapidly and accurately. The study uses Ulmus pumila leaves infected by Tetraneura akinire Sasaki at different stages as materials; after extraction with 80% methanol and ethyl acetate and purification with primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon blacks (GCB), the contents of signal compounds salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, methyl salicylate, and methyl jasmonate were determined by GC-MS. The results showed that the level of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, methyl salicylate, and methyl jasmonate increased remarkably in U. pumila once infected by T. akinire Sasaki, but the maximums of these four compounds occurred at different times. Salicylic acid level reached the highest at the early stage, and jasmonic acid level went to the maximum in the middle stage; by contrast, change of content of methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate was the quite opposite.
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Abstract Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a volatile jasmonate compound commonly used to induce defense responses in spermatophytes. This study reports that airborne MeJA‐d 3 , deuterated MeJA, increases the levels of (dinor‐)12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acids [(dn‐)OPDAs] and jasmonic acid (JA) as well as JA‐d 3 and 12‐hydroxyjasmonic acid‐d 2 (12‐OH‐JA‐d 2 ), MeJA‐d 3 metabolites, in the model bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha . Enhancement of JA biosynthesis was substantiated by the expression of JA biosynthetic genes induced by airborne MeJA. Additionally, each of enantiomers, (+)‐MeJA and (−)‐MeJA, was observed to induce the accumulation of JA and (dn‐)OPDAs in M. polymorpha . This study demonstrates that airborne MeJA is metabolized to JA and 12‐OH‐JA, and induces JA biosynthesis in M. polymorpha . Moreover, the transient increase in endogenous JA level after airborne MeJA treatment provides concrete evidence that M. polymorpha biosynthesizes JA.
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Jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), are plant lipid derivatives that resemble mammalian eicosanoids in structure and biosynthesis. These compounds are proposed to play a role in plant wound and pathogen responses. Here we report the quantitative determination of JA/MeJA in planta by a procedure based on the use of [13C,2H3]MeJA as an internal standard. Wounded soybean (Glycine max [L] Merr. cv. Williams) stems rapidly accumulated MeJA and JA. Addition of MeJA to soybean suspension cultures also increased mRNA levels for three wound-responsive genes (chalcone synthase, vegetative storage protein, and proline-rich cell wall protein) suggesting a role for MeJA/JA in the mediation of several changes in gene expression associated with the plants' response to wounding.
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Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in dogs, a fact that has boosted the investigation for new more specific antitumor drugs. This study evaluated the antitumor activity of jasmonates in the canine macrophage cell line DH82 (ATCC # CRL-10389) isolated from a case of malignant histiocytoma. The activities of methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid were compared to that of doxorubicin by the MTT assay. Methyl jasmonate resulted in the highest inhibition of cell growth (82.2%), followed by doxorubicin (80.7%) and jasmonic acid (36.5%). More detailed studies regarding the action of jasmonates on animal health are necessary, but the present results indicate methyl jasmonate as an alternative to the development of drugs for the treatment of canine oncologies.
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Valtrate is a pharmacologically active epoxyiridoid ester found in the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. The plant produces only small amounts of this metabolite naturally, and so induction of hairy roots as well as elicitation can be useful to increase its commercial production. In this study, strain R1601 of Agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to induce hairy roots in V. jatamansi, and stable hairy root cultures of V. jatamansi were established successfully. The influence of three exogenous elicitors including methyl jasmonate (MJ), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) on valtrate production in the hairy root cultures of V. jatamansi was also investigated, and the 25-day-old hairy root cultures were treated with different concentrations of the elicitors at exposure time of 7 days. This present study showed that MJ (100 mg/L) highly promoted valtrate production at 7 days after elicitation, to a level of 3.63 times higher than that of non-elicited control. SA did not significantly increase the production of valtrate. This is the first-time study to assess the elicitation of hairy root cultures to promote valtrate biosynthesis in V. jatamansi and the resulting experiments demonstrated that MJ was indeed a potent inducer of valtrate biosynthesis.
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