Relationship between the recognition error of dynamic postural control ability and the extent of exercise in middle-aged older women
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Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate the time and exercise intensity dependence of heart rate variability (HRV). Time-dependent, cardiovascular-drift-related increases in heart rate (HR) were inhibited by enforcing a constant heart rate throughout the exercise with a feedback control system. Thirty-two healthy adults performed HR-stabilised treadmill running exercise at two distinct exercise intensity levels. Standard time and frequency domain HRV metrics were computed and served as outcomes. Significant decreases were detected in 8 of the 14 outcomes for the time dependence analysis and in 6 of the 7 outcomes for the exercise intensity dependence analysis (excluding the experimental speed-signal frequency analysis). Furthermore, metrics that have been reported to reach an intensity-dependent near-zero minimum rapidly (usually at moderate intensity) were found to be near constant over time and only barely decreased with intensity. Taken together, these results highlight that HRV generally decreases with time and with exercise intensity. The intensity-related reductions were found to be greater in value and significance compared to the time-related reductions. Additionally, the results indicate that decreases in HRV metrics with time or exercise intensity are only detectable as long as their metric-specific near-zero minimum has not yet been reached.
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This study was carried out to examine the effects of difference of exercise intensity on blood pressure and serum lipid by dividing female hypertensive patients with over 50-year-old into three groups which are low intensity exercise group of 50~60% maximal heart rate, high intensity exercise group of 70~80% maximal heart rate, and control group, and by making them to exercise aquarobics for 12 weeks. Also, it was implemented to provide effective intensity of exercise and program for prevention, treatment and health improvement of hypertensive patients. The results of this study are as follow. There was no statistically significant difference in blood pressure changes on both low and high intensity exercise groups during stable phase after 12 weeks exercise program. However, blood pressure was numerically decreased for both groups and numerically increased in the control group. In the serum lipid, HDL-C was significantly increased for both low and high intensity exercise group after exercise program. LDL-C was numerically increased in the low intensity exercise group. Also, TC was significantly increased in the low intensity exercise group. TG was numerically increased in the low intensity exercise group, and decreased in the high intensity exercise group. Leukocyte count among immune material presented significantincrease in the high intensity exercise group and numerically increased in the low intensity exercise group. From the results of this study, regular aquarobics exercise to hypertensive patients for 12 weeks was concluded that it was effective on decreasing blood pressure to some extent. High intensity exercise was considered that it was effective on improving serum lipid.
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The performance and physiological effects of isomaltulose and maltodextrin consumed intermittently during prolonged soccer-specific exercise were investigated. University soccer players (n = 22) performed 120 min of intermittent exercise while consuming 8% carbohydrate–electrolyte drinks (equivalent to ~ 20 g h−1) containing maltodextrin (Glycaemic Index: 90–100), isomaltulose (Glycaemic Index: 32) or a carbohydrate-energy-free placebo in a manner replicating the practices of soccer players (i.e., during warm-up and half-time). Physical (sprinting, jumping) and technical (shooting, dribbling) performance was assessed. Blood glucose and plasma insulin (both P < 0.001) concentrations varied by trial with isomaltulose maintaining > 13% higher blood glucose concentrations between 75 and 90 min versus maltodextrin (P < 0.05). A decline in glycaemia at 60 min in maltodextrin was attenuated with isomaltulose (−19 versus −4%; P = 0.015). Carbohydrates attenuated elevations in plasma epinephrine concentrations (P < 0.05), but isomaltulose proved most effective at 90 and 120 min. Carbohydrates did not attenuate IL-6 increases or reductions in physical or technical performances (all P > 0.05). Ratings of abdominal discomfort were influenced by trial (P < 0.05) with lower values for both carbohydrates compared to PLA from 60 min onwards. Although carbohydrates (~ 20 g h−1) did not attenuate performance reductions throughout prolonged soccer-specific exercise, isomaltulose maintained higher blood glucose at 75–90 min, lessened the magnitude of the exercise-induced rebound glycaemic response and attenuated epinephrine increases whilst maintaining similar abdominal discomfort values relative to maltodextrin. When limited opportunities exist to consume carbohydrates on competition-day, low-glycaemic isomaltulose may offer an alternative nutritional strategy for exercising soccer players.
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Background: In academic teaching, we need exercise protocols with moderate and vigorous intensity for observing cardiorespiratory changes in different grades of exercise. Aim: We aimed to formulate exercise protocols with moderate- and vigorous-intensity for apparently healthy adult subjects for undergraduate practical teaching to be used in the observation of cardiorespiratory changes in different grades of exercise. Methods: We hypothesized that 50 m brisk walking (to and fro, four times in a clinical physiology classroom) is moderate-intensity exercise and spot jogging with full effort and verbal encouragement for 1 min is vigorous-intensity exercise. We measured heart rate (HR) immediately after moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity exercise and compared it with the standards where attainment of 50%–70% of maximum achievable HR (HRmax) is moderate-intensity exercise and 71%–85% of HRmaxis vigorous-intensity exercise. Results: Data of 85 participants (male = 59, female = 26) with mean age 19.56 ± 1.13 years were analyzed. The percentage of HRmaxachieved in the moderate-intensity exercise was 58.19 ± 7.55, and vigorous-intensity exercise was 78.19 ± 8.48. About 85.88% of participants were within 50%–70% of HRmaxin the moderate-intensity exercise and 72.94% of participants were within 71%–85% of HRmaxin the vigorous-intensity exercise. Conclusion: A brisk walking for a distance of 50 m can be considered as moderate-intensity and a spot jogging with full effort for 1 min can be considered as a vigorous-intensity exercise for observing cardiovascular changes in different grades of exercise. These protocols can be used for physiology practical teaching in a small practice room without using any instrument in resource-limited settings.
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This study compared perceived exercise intensity and objective exercise intensity during a freestyle wrestling match. Twelve elite collegiate male wrestlers performed freestyle wrestling matches with three 2-min periods. Perceived exercise intensity and objective exercise intensity were evaluated by the 6–20 point Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and heart rate (HR), respectively. To compare these values directly, three methods were used: (1) comparison of RPE increased by 10 times and HR (method-1); (2) classification of five exercise intensities (very light, 1; near-maximal to maximal, 5) (method-2); and (3) classification of seven exercise intensities (very light, 1; near-maximal to maximal, 7) by subdividing scales in method-2 (method-3). Perceived exercise intensity was significantly lower than objective exercise intensity in each period (all P < 0.05, method-1), in the first period (P = 0.007, method-2), or in the first and second periods (all P < 0.01, method-3). Perceived exercise intensity of the winners was significantly lower than that of the losers (P = 0.04, method-1; P = 0.03, method-2), but objective exercise intensity was not significantly different between them. These results suggest that wrestlers, especially winners, feel lower exercise intensity compared with actual exercise intensity during a wrestling match.
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Obesity is a common problem that increasing rapidly in developing countries. This study examined the effect of different exercise intensity on appetite among obese individual. They were assigned into 3 exercise intensity which is low intensity (50% of HRmax), moderate intensity (70% of HRmax) and high intensity (90% of HRmax). Subjective rating questionnaire were distributed during pre-test and post-test experimental. Mixed Between-Within ANOVA was used to examine the differences of appetite response with different exercise intensity. Results indicated that no significant interaction between the experimental groups across the experimental sessions. There were significant main effect (low intensity and high intensity) for experimental session were found (p=.013,p=.004). In conclusion, there is no superior effect of different exercise intensity on appetite response especially in acute exercise setting.
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