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Maladaptation
Placentation
Intrauterine growth restriction
Maladaptation
Vulnerability
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Placentation
Intrauterine growth restriction
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Abstract Evolutionary biologists tend to approach the study of the natural world within a framework of adaptation, inspired perhaps by the power of natural selection to produce fitness advantages that drive population persistence and biological diversity. In contrast, evolution has rarely been studied through the lens of adaptation's complement, maladaptation. This contrast is surprising because maladaptation is a prevalent feature of evolution: population trait values are rarely distributed optimally; local populations often have lower fitness than imported ones; populations decline; and local and global extinctions are common. Yet we lack a general framework for understanding maladaptation; for instance in terms of distribution, severity, and dynamics. Similar uncertainties apply to the causes of maladaptation. We suggest that incorporating maladaptation‐based perspectives into evolutionary biology would facilitate better understanding of the natural world. Approaches within a maladaptation framework might be especially profitable in applied evolution contexts – where reductions in fitness are common. Toward advancing a more balanced study of evolution, here we present a conceptual framework describing causes of maladaptation. As the introductory article for a Special Feature on maladaptation, we also summarize the studies in this Issue, highlighting the causes of maladaptation in each study. We hope that our framework and the papers in this Special Issue will help catalyze the study of maladaptation in applied evolution, supporting greater understanding of evolutionary dynamics in our rapidly changing world.
Maladaptation
Local adaptation
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The article presents the results of theoretical and methodological analysis of the main approaches to the study of maladaptation in domestic research, identifies the main characteristics of psychological adaptation to learning conditions in higher education and its stages, clarifies the factors of maladaptation to study in higher education. It has been experimentally established that students are adapted, manifestations of psychological maladaptation are present in a small number of students in the sample.
Maladaptation
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Psychological adaptation
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Maladaptation
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In the submitted review the author discusses contemporary views on the maladaptation syndrome. He characterizes mental stress and conditions under which it develops and ways in which individuals can react, as well as differences in the reaction of children, adolescents and adults. The author characterizes maladaptation, explains causes of its development and manifestations in relation to age (child, adolescent, adult) and its possible sequelae. Finally the paper contains reflections on the possible prevention of influences which may lead to maladaptation behaviour.
Maladaptation
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Abstract Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pathology of pregnancy that results in failure of the fetus to reach its genetically determined growth potential. In developed nations the most common cause of IUGR is impaired placentation resulting from poor trophoblast function, which reduces blood flow to the fetoplacental unit, promotes hypoxia and enhances production of bioactive lipids (TXA 2 and isoprostanes) which act through the thromboxane receptor (TP). TP activation has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in pregnancy complications, including IUGR; however, the role of TP isoforms during pregnancy is poorly defined. We have determined that expression of the human-specific isoform of TP (TPβ) is increased in placentae from IUGR pregnancies, compared to healthy pregnancies. Overexpression of TPα enhanced trophoblast proliferation and syncytialisation. Conversely, TPβ attenuated these functions and inhibited migration. Expression of the TPβ transgene in mice resulted in growth restricted pups and placentae with poor syncytialisation and diminished growth characteristics. Together our data indicate that expression of TPα mediates normal placentation; however, TPβ impairs placentation and promotes the development of IUGR and represents an underappreciated pathogenic factor in humans.
Placentation
Intrauterine growth restriction
Trophoblast
Thromboxane receptor
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In the chapter describes the experience of prevention of maladaptation of first-year students, including the diagnosis of personality traits, identification of students at risk and psycho-corrective measures. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the problem of effective adaptation and prevention of maladaptation of first-year students, the importance of creating targeted systematic work with first-year students to prevent maladaptation. Materials and methods of research. In order to identify the risk group of students for various types of maladaptation and develop recommendations to reduce the level of maladaptation in first-year students, we conducted diagnostics of the personal characteristics of first-year students using the method of multifactorial personality research SMIL L.N. Sobchik Results and discussion of the results of the study. Based on the results of psychodiagnostics, we have developed recommendations for the risk group for hyposthenic /depressive type of maladjustment and for the risk group for the type of maladjustment «autism», including individual consultations, the inclusion of students in groups of psychological trainings on relevant topics, consultations for teachers and curators of groups on individual approach in interaction with students at risk, participation students in the work of a psychological circle in order to improve the psychological culture of students, etc. Conclusions. The work done made it possible to reduce the percentage of maladaptation of students and increase the efficiency of adaptation of first-year students to the process of studying at the university, which manifested itself in a significant decrease in the percentage of students expelled by the result of the 1st year of study.
Maladaptation
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With the rapid development of climate change adaptation over recent decades, a considerable amount of evidence has been collected on maladaptation associated with climate change adaptation initiatives, particularly in terms of risk transfer and risk substitution. Increasing our understanding of maladaptation is important for avoiding negative outcomes of adaptation project implementation. However, maladaptation has received limited research attention. Previous research has focused on frameworks that can assist in defining and avoiding maladaptive risk and be applied to adaptation initiative planning processes. Adaptation may cause more significant influences on spatial land change than the direct effect of climate change does. Identifying the adaptation consequences that are likely to result in maladaptation is crucial. A combination of spatial land analysis and climate change analysis can be used for the aforementioned identification. However, empirical case studies on methods that can assess and evaluate the risk of maladaptation by integrating spatial and temporal aspects in a land spatial modeling tool have not been conducted. The present study aimed to fill this research gap by exploring the existing knowledge on maladaptation to climate change. We examined the interaction among spatial analysis, evaluated maladaptation frameworks, and project design to extend our conceptual understanding on maladaptation to climate change. We adopted a systematic review method that involved considering several questions including the following: (a) What are the definitions and categories of maladaptation? (b) What methods and theoretical frameworks exist for the assessment and evaluation of maladaptive risk? (c) How have climate-related research communities considered issues of maladaptation? (d) What are the experimental studies on land use change that can be referred to for minimizing maladaptive risks in future adaptation planning? In conclusion, further research on maladaptation should integrate spatial land analysis methods to facilitate the identification and avoidance of maladaptive risk in the initial stage of adaptation planning.
Maladaptation
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Maladaptation
Genetic architecture
Pleiotropy
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