[Efficacy and safety of endothelin receptor antagonists combined with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: a network meta-analysis].
Wanyi FuP L ChenJinglin XiaLijun FuYaqing ShenWenjun HeY H ChenNi RenQiang JiangRan MaT WangX N WangN F ZhangC L Liu
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Objective: To examine the efficacy and safety of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) combined with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Methods: Computer-based retrieval was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP database (up to February 12th, 2021). Randomized controlled trials about endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) or PDE5i in patients with PAH were collected. The change of 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) in 12-16 weeks was used as primary outcome index. Case fatality rate, worsening clinical events, WHO functional class (FC) improvement, adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAE) were the key secondary outcomes indicators. STATA 16.0 software was used for network meta-analysis, and the pooled estimates of odds ratios (ORs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the results were shown. To help explain ORs and WMDs, we used the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) to calculate the probability of each intervention. Results: We included 29 trials with 5 949 participants. In network meta-analysis, Bosentan combined with Sildenafil (WMD=53.93, 95%CI=6.19-101.66) had shown the greatest improvement in 6MWD compared with placebo, followed by Bosentan combined with Tadalafil (WMD=50.84, 95%CI=7.05-94.62), Ambrisentan combined with Tadalafil (WMD=46.67, 95%CI=15.88-77.45), Bosentan (WMD=29.44, 95%CI=5.86-53.02), Ambrisentan (WMD=23.90, 95%CI=0.31-47.48) and Macitentan (WMD=21.57, 95%CI=2.45-40.69). According to SUCRA, the effects of different intervention measures on improving 6MWD in patients with arterial pulmonary hypertension were as follows: Bosentan+Sildenafil (82.9%)>Bosentan+Tadalafil (78.4%)>Ambrisentan+Tadalafil (77.1%)>Bosentan (49.2%)>Sildenafil (48.5%)>Ambrisentan (40.3%)>Macitentan (37.3%)>Tadalafil (33.0%)>Placebo (3.3%). For the WHO functional class, Sildenafil (OR=2.90, 95%CI=1.04-8.08) was optimal compared with placebo, followed by Bosentan (OR=2.15, 95%CI=1.15-4.04), and there was no significant difference in the rest. For clinical worsening, Bosentan combined with Tadalafil (OR=0.08, 95%CI=0.01-0.49) performed best compared with placebo, followed by Bosentan (OR=0.20, 95%CI=0.11-0.38), Bosentan combined with Sildenafil (OR=0.21, 95%CI=0.09-0.46), Ambrisentan combined with Tadalafil (OR=0.27, 95%CI=0.15-0.50), Sildenafil (OR=0.33, 95%CI=0.17-0.66) and Tadalafil (OR=0.44, 95%CI=0.21-0.90). There was no statistical difference between all interventions and placebo in terms of the incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events. For case fatality rate, Ambrisentan (OR=0.28, 95%CI=0.11-0.74) was statistically superior to placebo and there was no statistics difference in the rest. Conclusions: The combination therapy of ERAs and PDE5i performed well in the short-term improvement of motor function. Furthermore, there was no significant difference with monotherapy in terms of safety. However, it is worth emphasizing that the choice of treatment should be based on the patient's individualized situation and the patient's requirements.目的： 通过网状Meta分析确定内皮素受体拮抗剂联合5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂治疗动脉性肺动脉高压（PAH）的有效性和安全性。 方法： 使用标准检索式［（“Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension”OR“PAH”）AND（“Bosentan”OR“Ambrisentan”OR“Macitentan”OR“Sildenafil”OR“Tadalafil”）］检索PubMed和Cochrane Library数据库；使用检索词“肺动脉高压”“波生坦”“安立生坦”“马西腾坦”“西地那非”“他达拉非”检索中国知网（CNKI）、万方数据和维普等中文数据库。检索时间截至2021年2月12日。阅读所有文献筛选纳入比较3种内皮素受体拮抗剂和2种5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂以及联合治疗方案治疗动脉性肺动脉高压的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。以随访12~16周6 min步行距离作为主要结果指标，病死率、临床恶化率、WHO心功能提升、不良事件（AE）和严重不良事件（SAE）作为关键的次要结果指标。使用STATA 16.0软件进行网状Meta分析，合并估计结果的优势比（OR）或加权平均差（WMD）和95%置信区间（CI）。使用累积排名曲线下面积（SUCRA）来计算各干预项的概率，帮助解释OR或WMD。 结果： 共纳入29篇文献，包含5 949例PAH患者。网状Meta分析结果显示，在改善6 min步行距离方面，与安慰剂比较，波生坦+西地那非提升最大（WMD=53.93，95%CI：6.19~101.66），其次为波生坦+他达拉非（WMD=50.84，95%CI：7.05~94.62），安立生坦+他达拉非（WMD=46.67，95%CI：15.88~77.45），波生坦（WMD=29.44，95%CI：5.86~53.02），安立生坦（WMD=23.90，95%CI：0.31~47.48），马西腾坦（WMD=21.57，95%CI：2.45~40.69）。不同干预措施对提高动脉性肺动脉高压患者6 min步行距离的效果，根据SUCRA排序依次为：波生坦+西地那非（82.9%）>波生坦+他达拉非（78.4%）>安立生坦+他达拉非（77.1%）>波生坦（49.2%）>西地那非（48.5%）>安立生坦（40.3%）>马西腾坦（37.3%）>他达拉非（33.0%）>安慰剂（3.3%）。在提高WHO心功能分级方面，与安慰剂相比，西地那非最优（OR=2.90，95%CI：1.04~8.08），其次为波生坦（OR=2.15，95%CI：1.15-4.04），其余差异均无统计学意义。在降低临床恶化率方面，相较于安慰剂，波生坦+他达拉非最优（OR=0.08，95%CI：0.01~0.49），其次依次为波生坦（OR=0.20，95%CI：0.11~0.38），波生坦+西地那非（OR=0.21，95%CI：0.09~0.46），安立生坦+他达拉非（OR=0.27，95%CI：0.15~0.50），西地那非（OR=0.33，95%CI：0.17~0.66），他达拉非（OR=0.44，95%CI：0.21~0.90）。在不良事件发生率与严重不良事件发生率方面，所有干预措施与安慰剂相比差异均无统计学意义。在病死率方面，安立生坦（OR=0.28，95%CI：0.11~0.74）在统计学上优于安慰剂，其余差异均无统计学意义。 结论： 内皮素受体拮抗剂与5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂联合治疗方案在短期改善运动功能方面均表现较好。并且在安全性方面，与单药治疗并无明显差异。然而，未来在选择治疗方案时，应该根据患者的个体化情况以及患者的需求进行选择。.Keywords:
Ambrisentan
Endothelin receptor antagonist
The goals of this study were to determine the concentration-response (C-R) relationship of endothelin-1 (ET-1), compare 2 ET-receptor antagonists and determine the antagonist concentrations that block the vasomotor effects of ET-1, and compare the effectiveness of ET-1 and previously studied vasoconstrictors in equine palmar digital arterial and venous rings in vitro. Vessel rings from 8 nonlaminitic horses were placed in Tyrode's solution, 1 side fixed to the floor of an organ bath and the other side fixed to a force-displacement transducer. Two separate studies were conducted: (I) incubation with a single ET-receptor antagonist (PD142893 or PD145065 at a concentration of 10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) M), followed by determination of an ET-1 C-R curve (using concentrations of 10(-10) to 10(-6) M) for medial vessel rings; and (II) comparison of ET-1 with norepinephrine and histamine (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) and comparison of contractile responses of medial and lateral vessel rings. In study I, ET-1 administration caused pronounced and sustained concentration-dependent contraction of vessel rings; these contractile responses were decreased by 10(-5) M PD142893 and were completely blocked by 10(-5) M PD145065. Venous rings had greater apparent maximum contraction in response to ET-1 than arterial rings. In study II, the relative sensitivity of norepinephrine was found to be equivalent to that of ET-1, whereas that of histamine was lower. No significant differences were observed between responses of medial versus lateral vessel rings. Thus, ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor of equine palmar digital arteries and veins, and the ET-receptor antagonist PD145065 is more effective than PD142893 in inhibiting these contractile effects in vitro.
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Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is encountered during ascent to high altitude. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) could be an option to treat HPV because of its natriuretic, diuretic, and vasodilatory properties. Data on effects of ANP on pulmonary and systemic circulation during HVP are conflicting, partly owing to anesthesia, surgical stress or uncontrolled dietary conditions. Therefore, ten conscious, chronically tracheotomized dogs were studied under standardized dietary conditions. The dogs were trained to breathe spontaneously at a ventilator circuit.30min of normoxia [inspiratory oxygen fraction (F(i)O(2))=0.21] were followed by 30min of hypoxia without ANP infusion (Hypoxia I, F(i)O(2)=0.1). While maintaining hypoxia an intravenous infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide was started with 50ng x kg body wt(-1) x min(-1) for 30min (Hypoxia+ANP1=low dose), followed by 1000ng x kg body wt(-1) x min(-1) for 30min (Hypoxia+ANP2=high dose). Thereafter, ANP infusion was stopped and hypoxia maintained for a final 30min (Hypoxia II). Compared to normoxia, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) (16+/-0.7 vs. 26+/-1.3mmHg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (448+/-28 vs. 764+/-89dyn x s(-1) x cm(-5)) increased during Hypoxia I and decreased during Hypoxia+ANP 1 (MPAP 20+/-1mmHg, PVR 542+/-55dyn x s(-1) x cm(-5)) (P<0.05). The higher dose of ANP did not further decrease MPAP or PVR, but started to have a tendency to decrease mean arterial pressure and cardiac output. We conclude that low dose ANP is able to reduce HPV without affecting systemic circulation during acute hypoxia.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Hypoxia
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SummaryThe vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) dose-dependently increased release of 51Cr from human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells (HBEC), without affecting cell viability as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release. ET-1 also induced transient accumulation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and release of [3H] arachidonic acid (AA) from HBEC. The ET-1-induced 51Cr release, formation of IP3, and AA release from HBEC were competitively inhibited by selective ETA subtype receptor antagonist BQ-123. ET-1-stimulated 51Cr- and AA release from HBEC were potentiated by proteinkinase C (PKC) activator phorbol-myristate ester, and abolished by H7, an inhibitor of PKC. Dexamethasone, indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, imidazole, as well as the inhibitor of protein kinase A, H8, had no effect on 51Cr release. The results suggest that ETA-receptor mediated activation of PKC and increase in the HBEC'permeability'for low molecular weight molecules in response to excessive release of endothelins from either HBEC or surrounding tissues during pathologic conditions may contribute to the formation of cerebral edema.
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To evaluate the efficiency and safety of long-term (12-month) treatment with the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan (tracleer (Actelion, Switzerland)) in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). The prospective observational study enrolled 10 patients (8 with idiopathic PH and 2 with PH and systemic scleroderma). The patients' mean age was 50.0 +/- 6.9 years; mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) 65 +/- 12 mm Hg; cardiac output (CO) 3.4 +/- 0.8 l/min; 6-minute walk test (6'WT) distance, 318 +/- 94 m. Before and 3, 6, and 12 months after the treatment, the patients underwent Doppler echocardiography, arterial blood gas analysis, external respiratory function test, and dyspnea evaluation using the MRC scale and 6'WT. The initial dose of bosentan was 62.5 mg b.i.d., then 125 mg b.i.d. following 4 weeks. Bosentan treatment resulted in a reduction in pulmonary artery systolic pressure and mPAP (at 12 months: 76.8 +/- 11.5 and 58.8 +/- 11.4 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.01) and an increase in CO (at 12 months: 4.2 +/- 1.2 l/min; p = 0.002). Six patients were observed to have a lower WHO classification functional class (FC). Lung diffusing capacity tended to improve (at 12 months, the increment was more than 6% of the reference value; p = 0.059). In the patients, dyspnea was relieved as shown by MRS scores from 3.1 +/- 0.7 (at baseline) to 2.1 +/- 0.6 (at 12 months); p = 0.002. The 6'WT distance increased up to 342 +/- 67 m (at 12 months); p = 0.005. The drug was well tolerated; only one patient had a transient increase in the activity of liver enzymes. The long-term bosentan treatment in patients with PH leads to improvements in pulmonary hemodynamics, WHO classification functional class, a reduction in dyspnea, and a rise in exercise tolerance.
Endothelin receptor antagonist
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We present the unusual cases of 2 systemic sclerosis patients with a history of liver transplant, who developed pulmonary hypertension in the course of their diseases. Sildenafil was the preferred pulmonary arterial hypertension drug because of its safety within this context. Clinical and functional responses were good, with a follow-up of more than 2 years.
Scleroderma (fungus)
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Nephrology
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We studied the effect of nifedipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, on the hemodynamic changes induced by endothelin, in awake normotensive rats. Endothelin (0.07-1.40 nmol/kg, e.v.) caused an initial hypotensive effect, followed by long lasting hypertension. Renal blood flow was reduced immediately and still remained below basal levels, at 30 minutes after endothelin injection. Nifedipine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prevented the effect of endothelin on mean blood pressure and induced a right-ward shift in the dose response curve of renal hemodynamic changes induced by endothelin. We conclude that treatment with calcium antagonist could be very useful in all those conditions in which systemic and regional vasocostriction is provoked by endothelin.
Endothelin receptor antagonist
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The Eisenmenger syndrome is a complication of congenital heart disease with significant left-to-right shunts, such as large ventricular septal defects, and corresponds to fixed pulmonary hypertension with shunt reversal. Bosentan, an inhibitor of endothelin A and B receptors, is a new molecule previously validated in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. The authors report their monocentric experience of bosentan in 11 consecutive patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome treated for at least one year. This retrospective study comprised 7 females and 4 males with an average age of 34 years (range 17 to 51 years). The underlying lesion was ventricular septal defect (n = 4), atrial septal defect (n = 3), pulmonary atresia with septal defect (n = 4 of which 2 were treated palliatively). Before treatment, the patients were classified according to the NHYA functional class (I, II, IIIa and IIIb, IV or, respectively from 1 to 5) with a distribution in this series between Classes IIIa and IV (average 3.81 +/- 0.75) and from 3 to 10 on Borg's dyspnoea scale (average 6.54 +/- 2.29). The ambient oxygen saturation (SaO2) at rest was, on average 77 +/- 9%, the haemoglobin concentration 16.6 +/- 2.4 g/dl; hepatic transaminase levels were normal. The 6 minute walk test before treatment was 216 +/- 111 m with marked desaturation on exercise (49 +/- 18%). With Bosentan, patients were globally much better clinically with a decrease in dyspnoea, improvement in NHYA class and increased 6 minute walking perimeter. Improvement in NYHA class was observed from 3 months' treatment (3.0 +/- 0.8, p = 0.0002) and was sustained to one year (2.54 +/- 0.7, p< 0.001). An improvement of dyspnoea on Borg's scale was observed from the second month's treatment (5.56 +/- 1.65, p = 0.0201) and persisted throughout follow up to one year (3.81 +/- 1.32, p < 0.0001). Similarly, the 6 minute walking perimeter increased from the first control at 6 months (323 +/- 82 m, p < 0.0001) and at one year (322 +/- 62 m, p <0.0004). Finally, although a significant increase in SaO2 was observed at 6 months (p = 0.0032), this was hardly significant at one year (82 +/- 10 %, p = 0.0512). Transaminase levels did not rise significantly at the follow up visits (p = ns) and the haemoglobin concentration was unchanged. No patient died during the study period. This study showed a clear functional improvement in patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome treated with bosentan. The drug was well tolerated clinically with few adverse effects and a good safety margin of usage.
Eisenmenger syndrome
Endothelin receptor antagonist
Pulmonary atresia
Single Center
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15‐F2t‐Isoprostane (IsoP), a specific marker of oxidative stress, is increased after myocardial ischemia. It exerts deleterious effects on postischemic myocardium. We hypothesized that IsoP exacerbates post‐ischemic myocardial injury by stimulating endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) production. Adult rat hearts were perfused by the Langendorff technique. Global myocardial ischemia was induced by stopping perfusion for 40 min followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Hearts were randomized to one of five groups: untreated (C), treated with IsoP (100 nM) or the ET‐1 receptor A/B antagonist bosentan (1 μM) alone or in combination 10 min prior to ischemia and for 15 min during reperfusion or treated with IsoP as above plus delayed bosentan administration 15 min after reperfusion. Coronary effluent ET‐1 levels in the IsoP group were higher than those in the C group during reperfusion accompanied with increased release of cardiac‐specific creatine kinase, reduced cardiac contractility and increased myocardial infarct size (all p<0.05 vs. C). Bosentan administration during early reperfusion exacerbated the IsoP deleterious effects while delayed administration attenuated it. It is concluded that IsoP‐induced ET‐1 production during later reperfusion is detrimental to functional recovery of damaged myocardium while ET‐1 increase during early reperfusion seems to improve it. Supported by NSFC grants (30872447 and 30672003)
Endothelin receptor antagonist
Contractility
Creatine kinase
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Endothelin receptor antagonist
Pathophysiology
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