Cross-species virus transmission and its pandemic potential
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Abstract:
The majority of pandemics are known to be a result of either bacteria or viruses out of which viruses seem to be an entity of growing concern due to the sheer number of yet unidentified and potentially threatening viruses, their ability to quickly evolve and transform, their ability to transfer and change from one host organism to another and the difficulty in creating safe vaccines on time.The present review attempts to bring forth the potential risks, prevention and its impact on the global society in terms of sociological and economic parameters. Taking hindsight from previously as well as ongoing current viral epidemics, this article aims to draw a concrete correlation between these viruses in terms of their origin, spread and attempts to compare how much they can affect the population. The study also assesses the worst-case scenarios and the amount of preparedness, required to fight against such pandemics and compares the required amount of preparedness to the current precautions and measures by different governments all across the world.Learning from the current pandemic, we can implement certain measures to prevent the adverse effects of pandemics in the future and through severe preparedness can combat the challenges brought about by the pandemic.Keywords:
Pandemic
연구목적 본 연구의 목적은 COVID-19 전·중·후에 발간된 뉴스 기사의 키워드 변화를 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 ‘여가’에 대한 인식과 패턴의 변화에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법 연구목적을 달성하기 ‘빅카인즈’에서 여가 키워드로 뉴스 기사를 수집하였고 수집된 데이터는 텍스톰(TEXTOM)을 활용하여 빈도분석과 워드클라우드, N-gram분석을 실시하였다. 결과 첫째, 빈도분석 결과를 살펴보면, COVID-19 전에는 서울, 관계자, 주민, 시간, 일자리 순으로 나타났고 COVID-19 중에는 서울, 코로나, 관계자, 온라인, 일자리 순으로 나타났으며, COVID-19 후 서울, 관계자, 참여자, 시민, 일자리 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, N-gram 분석 결과 COVID-19 전에는 경로당+노인, 문화+여가, 장애인+복지관 순으로 나타났다. COVID-19 중에는 서울+코로나, 코로나+온라인, 소상공인+코로나 순으로 나타났으며, COVID-19 후에는 한강+서울, 수변+서울, 경로당+노인 순으로 나타났다. 결론 첫째, COVID-19 전과 후의 키워드가 유사하게 나타났다. 이는 COVID-19 중 여가의 변화가 일어났지만, 점차 회복하고 있는 것으로 판단할 수 있다. 둘째, COVID-19 전·중·후 동시 출연 단어로 문화+여가와 경로당+노인이 높은 빈도를 나타낸다. 이는 다양한 연령대에서 ‘여가’에 대한 관심과 참여가 멈추지 않을 정도로 높은 중요도를 가지고 활동이 이루어지고 있으므로 보여준다. 따라서 긍정적인 효과를 도출할 수 있는 ‘여가’와 관련된 지원 사업의 확장과 각 대상에 따른 맞춤형 지원 등의 필요성이 강조된다.
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본 연구는 COVID-19와 같은 신종전염병으로 인한 일상생활, COVID-19에 대한 인식, 심리 · 감정 태도의 변화에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 데이터는 한국언론진흥재단에서 전 국민 만 19세 이상 성인 1,000명을 대상으로 2022년 8월 21일~9월 4일까지 온라인 설문 조사한 “COVID-19 이후 국민의 일상변화” 자료에서 서울 · 경기 · 인천지역 성인 512명을 추출하고 성별을 기준으로 분석하였다. COVID-19로 인한 가계 경제의 변화에서 COVID-19로 인하여 남·여 모두 가계 경제가 어려워졌고, 월수입도 감소했다고 응답하였다. COVID-19 종식 후 변화될 생활상태 변화는 건강관리 및 개인위생은 COVID-19 전보다 관리를 증가한 상태로 유지할 것이라 하였다(p =.026). COVID-19 발생이 개인에게 미치는 영향력에서 COVID-19 관련 허위정보 및 오정보를 남성이 여성보다 잘 구별한다고 인식하였다(p =.001). COVID-19로 인한 심리감정 상태는 “불안 두려움(p .001)”, “무기력감 또는 좌절감(p .001)”, “짜증 또는 화(p =.029)”, “걱정 또는 스트레스(p .001)”, “외로움 또는 우울(p .001)”에서 남성보다 여성이 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 COVID-19의 종식보다는 “위드-코로나”를 준비해야 한다고 생각하는 시점에서 조만간 우리가 맞게 될 “위드-코로나”에 대한 억눌리고 하지 못했던 것들에 대한 폭발적 발산이 아닌 체계적으로 준비된 “위드-코로나”를 맞이해야 앞으로 발생하는 신종전염병과 같은 재앙에 대비할 수 있을 것이라 생각한다.
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SUMMARY The xenotropic (X-tropic) mouse type C virus (MuLV) and its pseudotype of murine sarcoma virus (MSV) were inoculated into several fertilized developing Pekin duck eggs. The development of the duck embryos was substantially reduced in those receiving the X-tropic viruses compared to eggs inoculated only with tissue culture medium. Infectious virus was isolated from some of the adult animals; in others, evidence for integrated virus sequences in the tissues was noted. No specific pathology was found in the ducks that received X-tropic MuLV alone, but one duck developed multiple fibrosarcomas when inoculated at birth with the X-tropic virus pseudotype of MSV. Two ducks receiving X-tropic MuLV had signs of haematopoietic disorders. In addition, more virus-inoculated animals had evidence of hepatitis and encephalitis than control ducks. Antibody production to X-tropic MuLV was present in several ducks inoculated with virus either in embryo or at birth. Absence of antiviral antibodies was noted in those animals whose tissues contained replicating virus. These studies confirm the observations with X-tropic virus in tissue culture. They demonstrate in vivo that avian species are susceptible to infection by the mouse X-tropic virus and that their fibroblasts can be transformed by the X-tropic MuLV pseudotype of MSV.
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要旨 【目的】 COVID–19流行下において救急搬送された自殺企図患者の特徴を調査し，パンデミックが自殺に与える影響を検討する。 【対象】 2020年1月から12月をCOVID–19流行期，2018年1月から2019年12月までの2年間をCOVID–19非流行期として，当院救命救急センターに搬送された自殺企図および自殺既遂患者の年齢，性別，精神科通院歴，自殺手段を調査した。2020年と2019年については自殺企図者の同居家族，経済問題，就労，精神科診断についても調査した。さらに流行期については，20歳ごとの年代別，月別患者数を調査して，COVID–19新規患者数と比較した。 【結果】 2020年の自殺企図患者数は20代以下が39%を占めており，COVID–19非流行期の27%と比較して若年者の割合が増加していた。2020年の月別患者数の変化では，年代に関係なく，COVID–19新規感染者数が増加している時期には自殺企図患者は少なく，新規感染者数が減少した時期に自殺企図患者数の増加がみられた。自殺既遂についても同様の傾向がみられた。 【結語】 COVID–19の流行期では，若年者の自殺企図が増加した。また，流行期における自殺企図者数はCOVID–19新規感染者数の増減と逆の変動を示した。今後，パンデミックが自殺企図に与える影響をさらに解析する必要がある。
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak
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Цель – выявить эпидемиологические особенности формирования очагов COVID-19 с распространением в организованных коллективах Хабаровского края в период с апреля по сентябрь 2020 г.
Материалы и методы. В период наблюдения зарегистрирован 31 эпидемический очаг с массовым распространением CОVID-19 в организованных коллективах Хабаровского края. При проведении эпидемиологического анализа учитывался вклад групповой заболеваемости в общую заболеваемость COVID-19, индекс очаговости (среднее число заболевших в очаге), показатели первичной и вторичной (среди контактных лиц) заболеваемости в организованных коллективах в расчете на 1000 лиц, общавшихся в очаге, удельный вес клинических форм инфекции COVID-19, в том числе в зависимости от типа эпидемического очага. Статистическая обработка данных проводилась с использованием методов непараметрического анализа в программе STATISTICA 6.0. На основе установленных критериев активности эпидемического процесса (ЭП) осуществлялась оценка эпидемической значимости различных типов очагов групповой заболеваемости. Для присвоения ранговых номеров критериев применены методики Хи-квадрата Пирсона, Хи квадрата Пирсона с поправкой Йейтса, в отношении средней длительности существования очага использован метод Манна-Уитни.
Результаты и обсуждение. Самая высокая степень активности ЭП наблюдалась при формировании очагов групповой заболеваемости COVID-19 в социальных стационарных учреждениях, которая проявилась наибольшим (средним на 1 очаг) числом заболевших/инфицированных COVID-19, самыми высокими показателями общей и вторичной (то есть среди контактных в очагах) заболеваемости инфекцией и наибольшей длительностью активности ЭП в очагах. К критериям несколько меньшей, но достаточно существенной активности ЭП в очагах, сформированных в медицинских организациях, следует отнести высокий уровень общей заболеваемости COVID-19, приходящийся в среднем на 1 эпидемический очаг, регистрацию заболеваемости среди контактных с первично заболевшими лицами, наличие летальных исходов среди заболевших в очагах, а также большой вклад медицинских работников в общую групповую заболеваемость COVID-19, зарегистрированную в лечебно-профилактических учреждениях края. Меньшая степень активности ЭП COVID-19 выявлена в очагах групповой заболеваемости, зарегистрированных на крупных промышленных предприятиях и в образовательных организациях, для которых оказались не характерными случаи заболеваний среди контактных лиц и летальные исходы среди инфицированных в очагах. Статистически значимо наиболее высокий удельный вес острых респираторно-вирусных инфекций в структуре лиц, заболевших COVID-19, оказался свойственным для очагов с распространением в образовательных коллективах.
Заключение. На основе представленных критериев активности ЭП может быть использован дифференцированный подход к проведению мер профилактики в очагах групповой заболеваемости COVID-19. В коллективах с высоким риском распространения COVID-19, в которых вероятность возникновения вспышечной заболеваемости особенно велика, наиболее оправдан усиленный комплекс постоянно действующих упреждающих мер профилактики новой коронавирусной инфекции.
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We highlight in this short article the side-effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the management of non-COVID patients, with potential detrimental and irreversible complications. We thus propose adjusted strategies to deal with both COVID and non−COVID patients.
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak
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SummarySpider monkeys and chimpanzees were given a series of three injections consisting of 17D yellow fever virus, followed by living West Nile virus, followed by a third injection which consisted of formalin-inactivated Russian spring-summer virus vaccine. On the basis of neutralizing antibody responses, the limitation of viremia, or both, developing when the animals were challenged with virulent viruses, these primates were judged to be protected to a considerable extent against Japanese B encephalitis, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4, two antigenic types of the Russian spring-summer virus complex, and Wesselsbron virus.An isolate of West Nile virus was passed a number of times in chick embryo tissue cultures and purified by the plaque technique. The progeny of two virus plaques, in a concentration of 106 mouse intracerebral lethal doses, did not produce encephalitis in intracerebrally inoculated rhesus monkeys. These attenuated viral preparations, on the basis of intracerebral titrations in mice, had at least 1,000 times the virus concentration that was necessary to produce encephalitis with the parent type. One of these attenuated isolates still produced homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibodies comparable to those of the parent strain. The data indicate that this attenuated West Nile virus did not revert to a more virulent form after alternate intracerebral passages in rhesus monkeys and suckling mice.The TP-21 strain of the Russian spring-summer virus complex was passed a number of times in chick embryo tissue cultures and purified by the plaque technique. The progeny from one of the virus plaques, in a concentration of approximately 300,000 mouse i.c. LD50, did not produce encephalitis when inoculated intracerebrally into rhesus monkeys. When this purified virus isolate of TP-21 was substituted for the formalin-inactivated Russian spring-summer vaccine in the triple vaccination procedure, considerable protection was noted in spider monkeys challenged with four members of the Russian spring-summer group of viruses.
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Attenuated vaccine
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Abstract T’Ho virus is a poorly characterized orthoflavivirus most closely related to Rocio virus and Ilheus virus, two orthoflaviviruses associated with human disease, suggesting that T’Ho virus could also be a human pathogen. The genome of T’Ho virus has been sequenced but an isolate has never been recovered, impeding its phenotypic characterization. In an attempt to generate recombinant T’Ho virus, the entire viral genome was synthesized as three overlapping DNA fragments, joined by Gibson assembly, and transfected into mosquito cells. Several cell culture passages were performed, but virus was not recovered. Subsequent experiments focused on the development of a chimeric orthoflavivirus that contains the premembrane and envelope protein genes of T’Ho virus in the genetic background of Zika virus. The chimeric virus replicated in mosquito (C6/36) and vertebrate (Vero) cells, demonstrating that the major structural glycoproteins of T’Ho virus permit entry into both cell types. The chimeric virus produced plaques in Vero cells that were significantly smaller than those produced by Zika virus. The chimeric virus can potentially be used as a surrogate diagnostic reagent in place of T’Ho virus in plaque reduction neutralization tests, allowing T’Ho virus to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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