Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling
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Abstract A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.Keywords:
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Abstract While conventional chemical fungicides directly eliminate pathogens, plant immunity inducers activate or prime plant immunity. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in plants. The development and application of plant immunity inducers based on the principles of plant immunity represent a new field in plant protection research. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of plant immunity inducers in terms of plant immune system activation, summarize the various classes of reported plant immunity inducers (proteins, oligosaccharides, chemicals, and lipids), and review methods for the identification or synthesis of plant immunity inducers. The current situation, new strategies, and future prospects in the development and application of plant immunity inducers are also discussed.
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A regulator of plant immunity functions dynamically in different cell compartments and is targeted by pathogen virulence factors.
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This chapter contains sections titled: What constitutes the innate immune system? How does the innate immune system recognize pathogens? How does the innate immune system become activated? How do the innate and adaptive immune systems interact? How do we translate this information into an understanding of human allergic disease? Impact of disease on innate immunity Therapeutic exploitation of the biology of the innate immune system Conclusion References
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Immunity is a term closely affiliated with the normal being of an organism as it puts across a cascade of physiological facets that contributes affirmatively towards the knocking down of the invaded pathogen. It is a widely known and accepted fact that cells associated with the immune system serve as driving force in eliminating the disease causing agent and plants are not exempted from this mechanism but the approach of counteracting a pathogenic contender in plants are quite different from that of higher vertebrates. Several factors of internal and external origin have equally contributed towards the development of plant immunity. However, the role of microbes in conferring immunity to plants cannot be denied and their prominence in accordance with the fortifying the plant system against the invading pathogens have been extensively researched. Responses like systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance have been studied in plants which get triggered in response to various micro invaders of pathogenic and non pathogenic echelon. Several studies claim the role of microbes in instigating either of these responses that in turn gives rise to a cascade of reactions within the plants resulting in plant immunity. T
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