The cytokinin-producing plant beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 primes tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) for enhanced drought stress responses
Mengistu F. MekureyawChandana PandeyRosanna C. HennessyMette Haubjerg NicolaisenFulai LiuOle NybroeThomas Roitsch
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Pseudomonas fluorescens
Drought Tolerance
Plant Physiology
Twelve different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) belonging to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were tested for their efficacy against bacterial pustules of soybean ( Glycine max ) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines both in laboratory and field conditions. PGPR-10 ( P. fluorescens ), PGPR-3 ( B. subtilis ), PGPR-4 ( B. subtilis ) and PGPR12 ( P. fluorescens ) showed maximum bacterial growth inhibition in vitro (more than 30mm inhibition zone) and increased seed germination (more than 92%). Highest seed germination (above 95%) occurred with the treatment of PGPR-4 ( B. subtilis ), PGPR10 ( P. fluorescens ), PGPR-1 ( B. subtilis ), PGPR-7 ( P. fluorescens ), PGPR-11 ( P. fluorescens ) and PGPR-5 ( B. subtilis ), while plant vigor increased with PGPR-12 ( P. fluorescens) , PGPR-5 (B. subtilis), PGPR-11 (P. fluorescens) and PGPR-3 ( B. subtilis ). Under field conditions, PGPR-12 ( P. fluorescens ) and PGPR-5 ( B. subtilis ) resulted in decrease of per cent disease index and increase in plant yield compared to other PGPR strains.
Pseudomonas fluorescens
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Abstract In de‐rooted seedlings of Amaranthus caudatus L., betacyanin synthesis induced by white light or cytokinin was inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA) or a mixture of gibberellins A 4 and A 7 (GA 4/7 ). The GA 4/7 and ABA effects were additive. Thus ABA inhibited the cytokinin action but had no effect on the gibberellin response.
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Plant growth regulators have a role in the process of growth and development of a plant. One of the Plant growth regulators which play an important role in process of growth and development is cytokinin. Cytokinin are able to stimulate division and cell enlargement, accelerate formation of organs, delay aging of various types of plants, and increase number and size of leaves. The utilization of rhizobacteria which is capable in producing cytokinin as a basic component of biological fertilizer has a very important role in improving the growth of plants. This research aims to select the capability of rhizobacteria isolates which are able to produce cytokinin and determine morphological characteristics and biochemical characteristics of potential rhizobacteria isolates as a cytokinin producer. The research was conducted at the Laboratory Agromikrobiologi, Biotechnology Research Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Puspitek, Serpong. The research procedure was rhizobacteria cultivation and extraction of cytokinin from rhizobacteria culture, then detect cytokinin using the method of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the isolates which were capable to producing cytokinin was Jember 2.2 with a concentration of 92 mg L -1 and expected as Pseudomonas genus bacteria. Keywords : biofertilizers, rhizobacteria, cytokinin.
Biofertilizer
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Summary: Rhizobacteria show electrotactic swimming in the rhizosphere as stimulated by plant roots. The electrotactic response of four strains of rhizobacteria ,Pseudomonas fluorescens (P.fluorescens)-P.fluorescens290E,P.fluorescens-M,P.fluorescens- 292 and P.fluorescens-WCS 374 was observed in vitro conditions to different electrical fields in Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS),root Exudate (RE) and Water (W).Electrical fields occurs in vitro condition is comparable in magnitude to those generated by plant root in the rhizosphere. The electrotactic response was greatest in phosphate buffer solution followed by root exudate and water. In the electrical fields tactic response of P.fluroscens-290E and P.fluroscens-WCS-374 was towards anode. However P.fluroscens-292 and P.fluroscens-M was towards cathode .Electrical field of physiological magnitude had little effect on the velocity of swimming but increased the turning frequency of P. fluroscens over two fold. The swimming behaviour of these rhizobacteria was greater at low electrical field strength as compared to high electrical field and control conditions. The results suggest that swimming behaviour of these rhizobacteria is related to endogenous electrical gradients generated by growing roots or other plant tissues .
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Exudate
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The main activities of abscisic acid in seeds are abscisic acid synthesis,catabolism,transport and response.Abscisic acid levels,the specific enzyme and the transcription factor in signal transduction pathway of abscisic acid,the relation between abscisic acid and dormancy of seeds are reviewed in this paper.
Catabolism
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Salinity stress is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses, and it is quickly spreading over the world. It has a major negative impact on plant health and yield, resulting in massive losses. The current work looks at the salt tolerance of rhizobacteria SHHMZ4, SMHMZ46, and SMHMP23 isolated from mines and landfills. These isolates grew in Nutrient broth with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0% to 20% and were able to synthesis cytokinin under salty conditions (2 percent w/v NaCl) and generated 19, 23, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. To confirm cytokinin biosynthesis, TLC and FTIR analyses of isolated cytokinin and reference standard kinetin were performed. Plant investigations in vitro were also performed to establish the efficiency of the cytokinin-producing rhizobacteria. According to the findings of this study, PGPR has a significant function in enhancing salt tolerance in plants and can be utilized as a biofertilizer to promote crop growth in saline areas.
Kinetin
Biofertilizer
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Abstract Concern for the safety and public health of the environmental impact of the use of chemical pesticides has prompted more consideration of the use of environmentally friendly plant cultivation technologies as a natural approach to improve plant health. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of seed treatment with rhizobacteria Bacillus sp.CKD061, Pseudomonas sp. SWRIIB04 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PG01 alone or in mixture on the growth and yield of hot pepper plants. The study was arranged using a randomized block design consisting of 8 rhizobacteria treatments, namely control, Bacillus sp.CKD061 (C), Pseudomonas sp. SWRIIB04 (S), P. fluorescens PG01 (P), mixture of Bacillus sp.CKD061 and Pseudomonas sp. SWRIIB04 (C+S), mixture of Bacillus sp.CKD061 and P. fluorescens PG01 (C+P), mixture of Pseudomonas sp. SWRIIB04 and P. fluorescens PG01 (S+P), mixture of Bacillus sp.CKD061, Pseudomonas sp. SWRIIB04 and P. fluorescens PG01 (C+S+P). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the seed treatment using a mixture of rhizobacteria Bacillus sp.CKD061 and Pseudomonas sp. SWRIIB04 was the most effective treatment in increasing the growth and yield of hot pepper plants. The increase in hot pepper production reached 90% compared to the control.
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Bacillus (shape)
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Avocado fruit growth is the result of sustained cell division and cell expansion. Studies have revealed that cell division is the limiting factor in the control of fruit growth and that the endogenous cytokinin to auxin to abscisic acid ratio is critical in supporting continued fruit growth. Detailed biochemical studies have led to the proposal that cytokinin regulates auxin and abscisic acid metabolism by impacting on the molybdenum cofactor-requiring aldehyde oxidase, responsible for catalysing the conversion of indole-3-acetaldehyde to indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic aldehyde to abscisic acid. In order to evaluate in more detail the biochemical interrelationship between cytokinin, auxin and abscisic acid metabolism a number of enzymes involved in all three processes were evaluated in both normal Hass fruit and its small-fruit phenotype, together with a number of compounds that form the vital link between these three metabolic pathways. Results indicate that the cytokinin and auxin level relative to the abscisic acid level is lowered in small-fruit compared to normal fruit.
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The closure of stomata by abscisic acid was examined in several species of plants through measurements of CO(2) and H(2)O exchange by the leaf. The onset of closure was very rapid, beginning at 3 minutes from the time of abscisic acid application to the cut base of the leaf of corn, or at 8 or 9 minutes for bean, Rumex and sugarbeet; rose leaves were relatively slow at 32 minutes. The timing and the concentration of abscisic acid needed to cause closure were related to the amounts of endogenous abscisic acid in the leaf. Closure was obtained in bean leaves with 8.9 picomoles/cm(2). (+)-Abscisic acid had approximately twice the activity of the racemic material. The methyl ester of abscisic acid was inactive, and trans-abscisic acid was likewise inactive. The effects of stress on levels of endogenous abscisic acid, and the ability of very small amounts of abscisic acid to cause rapid closure suggests that stomatal control is a regulatory function of this hormone.
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