Synthesis of Cellulose Stearate Ester as Wet Strength Agent for Synthesis of Bio-polybag from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
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Abstract:
Biodegradable polybags are an alternative to overcome the weakness of synthetic polybags because of their degradation properties. Oil palm empty fruit bunches contain a lot of cellulose so that they can be used as a biodegradable polybag. Wet Strength serves to increase the physical strength of bio-polybags when exposed to water (in wet conditions) so that water content stability is required. In this study, Cellulose Stearate Esters were synthesized in an effort to increase the stability of the water content in bio-polybags. Cellulose Stearate Esters are synthesized through a transesterification reaction between -Cellulose isolated from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) with methyl stearate. The synthesis of cellulose stearate esters was carried out by refluxing for 2 hours using methanol solvent with various catalysts Na2CO3 5, 10, 15, 20 mg and with volume variations of methyl stearate 5, 10, 15. And the best variation was determined based on the degree of substitution test, namely with variations Na2CO3 catalyst 20 mg and volume of methyl Stearate 15 ml, amounting to 1.95. The result of the synthesis, namely cellulose stearate, was tested for functional groups by FT-IR spectroscopy and surface morphology using SEM. The formation of cellulose stearate is supported by the FT-IR spectrum in the wavenumber region of 3468.01 cm-1 indicating an OH group, 3062.96 cm-1 indicating a CH stretching group, 1695.43 cm-1 indicating a C=O group, cm-1 indicating a CH bending group, 1095.57cm-1 indicates a COC group, 609.51cm-1 indicates a (CH2)n>4 group. The results of surface morphology analysis using SEM showed that the surface of cellulose stearate looked homogeneous, more regular and had denser cavities than -CelluloseKeywords:
Stearate
Stearic acid
Stearic acid
Calcium stearate
Stearate
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Abstract In situ FT-IR external reflection spectra of spread monolayers (Langmuir films) of stearic acid and Cd stearate on the water surface were recorded at various surface areas. In the stearic acid monolayer, the trans-gauche conformational change upon monolayer compression was observed, while only the all-trans conformer was observed in the Cd stearate monolayer. Even in largely expanded monolayers of Cd stearate, present is the rigid crsytalline island instead of the rather flexible island in the acid monolayer.
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Stearate
Reflection
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Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to study the tribochemical reaction of a copper surface and stearic acid in pin-on-disc wear tests. The characteristic Raman bands of cupric stearate at 1547, 623, 288, and 243 wavenumbers were observed in the spectra of the worn copper surfaces. This confirms the formation of cupric stearate. The tribochemical reaction was initiated by the formation of a chemisorbed stearic acid on the native oxide film of the copper surface. This chemisorbed stearic acid exists as a monomer and is bonded to the copper surface in a nearly perpendicular configuration. The presence of this native oxide film is necessary for this chemisorption to occur. The chemisorbed stearic acid is converted into cupric stearate by tribochemical interactions.
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Stearate
Chemisorption
Copper oxide
Calcium stearate
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In order to better characterize metal soaps found in paint films or on metal surfaces, several metal soaps were synthesized and their X-ray powder diffraction patterns measured. Metal soaps were obtained from four different fatty acids found in drying oils, two saturated (palmitic and stearic acids) and two unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids), and from copper, zinc, and lead, three metals that are typically found in metal alloys and paint systems. X-ray powder diffraction data are reported for the following compounds: palmitic acid, stearic acid, zinc palmitate, zinc stearate, zinc oleate, zinc linoleate, copper palmitate, copper stearate, copper oleate, lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead oleate. Features that are characteristic of specific compounds were observed. Soaps obtained from different fatty acids with the same metal ion show differences, as do soaps obtained with the same fatty acid but with different metal ions. Differences were observed when X-ray powder diffraction data obtained for stearic acid and zinc stearate were compared to published data for these two compounds (PDF 38-1923 and 5-0079, respectively). In the case of stearic acid, differences could be explained by the fact that the specimen reported previously in PDF 38-1923 was likely contaminated with palmitic acid. In the case of zinc stearate, low angle data were missing from the original pattern PDF 5-0079 and peaks that were reported in other angular regions in fact consisted in more peaks that were not resolved due to broadening.
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Zinc stearate
Stearate
Powder Diffraction
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Stearate
Stearic acid
Cadmium chloride
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Films of barium stearate and of stearic acid have been prepared on polished chromium and on smooth natural faces of silicon carbide crystals. After these films have been rubbed with clean lens paper, electron diffraction patterns are obtained from them by the reflection method. Well rubbed films give patterns characteristic of a single layer of molecules standing with their axes approximately normal to the surface; the hydrocarbon chains of barium stearate are found to be more precisely oriented than those of stearic acid; exactly the same difference exists between unrubbed single layers of molecules of barium stearate and of stearic acid deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Thickness of rubbed films on chromium has been found, by the Blodgett optical method, to be the same as that of unrubbed single layers of molecules. Lightly rubbed films may be thicker than a single layer of molecules. The arrangement of barium stearate in such thicker films has been found to have been somewhat altered by the rubbing. The axes of the hydrocarbon chains still stand normal to the surface, but lateral arrangement is less regular than it is in unrubbed films of equal thickness. In the case of stearic acid, molecules left on top of the first layer after light rubbing in one direction are found to lie inclined by about 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the surface and to point outward against the rubbing direction (Fig. 7); they are arranged in crystals having a structure different from that of the film before rubbing. Such "upset" films of stearic acid are completely removed by very light rubbing in the direction opposite to that of the original rubbing, but they are rather resistant to light rubbing in the same direction.
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Stearate
Barium
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The tribochemistry of copper with stearic acid was studied using a pin-on-disc wear tester under boundary lubrication conditions. Wear, as measured by surface profilometry, indicated that stearic acid was able to reduce the wear fourfold. Surface analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy revealed that cupric stearate was formed during the rubbing process by tribochemical reactions. The reaction product was confirmed by model compounds and was also found to be comparable with those from the static thermal experiments of stearic acid on copper surface at 140°C-160°C. The affinity between the chemisorbed stearic acid and bidentate copper stearate complex is believed to be responsible for the formation of a protective film on the copper surfaces to reduce the wear from further propagation.
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Abstract Structure of LB films of stearic acid and cadmium stearate was studied by X-ray diffraction and infrared ATR methods. Stearic acid LB films prepared by the horizontal lifting method were mixtures of the A- and C-crystal forms, but those prepared by the vertical dipping method mainly consisted of the C-form. Cadmium stearate LB films gave X-ray diffraction peaks indicating the long spacing of 5.03 nm, irrespective of the deposition method.
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Stearic acid
Stearate
Barium chloride
Barium
Thermal Stability
Cadmium chloride
Calcium stearate
Hydrogen chloride
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