Effects of tea polysaccharides in combination with polyphenols on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice
Chunhua ChenHui WangTao HongXiaojun HuangShengkun XiaYanli ZhangXiaohong ChenYadong ZhongShaoping Nie
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Both tea polysaccharides (TPS) and tea polyphenols (TPP) are promising in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the effects of their combination against IBD are still unknown. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of TPS, TPP and TPS + TPP on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice were investigated. Our results showed that administration of TPS + TPP achieved the best effects, followed by TPP and TPS, which were evidenced by the restoration of various physical signs (body weight, colon length and disease activity index) and the promoted intestinal barrier function (colon damage, mucin secretion and tight junction proteins expression). Furthermore, TPP and TPS decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, while TPP + TPS increased that of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus. In conclusion, TPS together with TPP had greater effects on alleviating colitis and promoting intestinal barrier function. This result is interesting when developing functional foods against colitis.Keywords:
Barrier function
Purpose of review Mucin expression in normal nasosinus mucosa is upregulated in inflammatory conditions. However, as the first nine mucin genes are expressed, and as more mucins are expected to be expressed in nasosinus mucosa, the range and pattern of variations in mucin expression in nasosinus mucosa would be wide and complicated. This review discusses current knowledge on mucin expression in normal and pathologic nasosinus mucosa. Recent findings Studies on nasosinus mucin expression indicate that mucin genes upregulated in inflamed nasosinus mucosa include MUCs1, 2, 4, 5AC, 5B and 8 in different combinations and to various degrees. Nasosinus submucosal glands play a more important role in mucin expression than surface epithelium. However, most of the studies on nasosinus mucin expression are focused on basic science and as yet the clinical implications of nasosinus mucin gene expression are still unclear. Summary Nasosinus mucin expression is very complicated. Studies including large numbers of samples are needed to investigate the role of different physiological and pathological variables, including inflammatory mediators, in the control of nasosinus mucin expression. This is essential for better understanding of clinical implications of altered nasosinus mucin expression and for future therapeutic applications.
Intestinal mucosa
Expression (computer science)
Mucin 2
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MUC1
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Colonic mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins produced by goblet cells of colonic epithelium. Some studies have indicated that patients with colonic cancers that produce high amounts of mucin have a poorer prognosis than patients whose tumors produce low amounts of mucin. At present, however, the role of mucin in affecting the behavior of colon cancer cells is not well understood. To further elucidate the relationship between cellular mucin content and the growth characteristics and morphology of tumor cells, we utilized a replica plating technique and immunoscreening method to identify and purify variant clones of the human colon cancer cell line LS174T that produce high and low levels of mucin. This procedure enabled us to isolate two high mucin-containing variants (HM3 and HM7) and one low mucin-containing variant (LM12). These variants exhibited different morphology. Both high mucin variants tended to form cell aggregates and suspended cells with adjoining mucoid threads. The low mucin variant formed spread monolayers on the substratum with the formation of cell processes. Metabolic labeling using [3H]glucosamine demonstrated that high mucin variants synthesized 2-fold more mucin in the cell layer and secreted 3-fold more mucin into the culture medium than the low mucin variant. The colony-forming efficiency in semisolid agar for these variants positively correlated with their mucin content. High mucin variant cells when injected into athymic nude mice formed tumors 2-fold larger than those of the parental cells while the low mucin variant formed tumors only one-half as large as those of the parental cell line. These mucin variants should provide a useful model for understanding the biological behavior of mucinous colon cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.
Mucin 2
Goblet cell
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MUC1
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Membrane-anchored mucins are present in the apical surface glycocalyx of mucosal epithelial cells, each mucosal epithelium having at least two of the mucins. The mucins have been ascribed barrier functions, but direct comparisons of their functions within the same epithelium have not been done. In an epithelial cell line that expresses the membrane-anchored mucins, MUC1 and MUC16, the mucins were independently and stably knocked down using shRNA. Barrier functions tested included dye penetrance, bacterial adherence and invasion, transepithelial resistance, tight junction formation, and apical surface size. Knockdown of MUC16 decreased all barrier functions tested, causing increased dye penetrance and bacterial invasion, decreased transepithelial resistance, surprisingly, disruption of tight junctions, and greater apical surface cell area. Knockdown of MUC1 did not decrease barrier function, in fact, barrier to dye penetrance and bacterial invasion increased significantly. These data suggest that barrier functions of membrane-anchored mucins vary in the context of other membrane mucins, and MUC16 provides a major barrier when present.
Barrier function
MUC1
Apical membrane
Mucin 2
Glycocalyx
Intestinal epithelium
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본 연구에서는 장 기능 개선 및 변비질환의 예방 및 치료에 효과적인 식물성 복합추출물인 장기능개선제-신소재(KTG075)의 대장관 내 점액질의 분비에 미치는 영향, 특히 대장에 가장 많이 분비되는 mucin 2 분비에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. Mucin(MUC)은 그 구조에 따라서 여러 아형이 있는데, 아형에 따라서 조직 분포가 다르며 대장에서 가장 많이 분비되는 mucin의 아형은 mucin 2로서 mucin 2에 대한 항체(Biogenex AM358)를 사용하여 면역조직화학법으로 mucin 2를 관찰 시, 변비유발군에서는 mucin 2(연갈색)로 염색된 세포가 현저히 감소되나 KTG075 투여 시 뚜렷하게 mucin 2의 염색이 증가되었다. 또한 alcian blue 염색으로 점액질층을 관찰 시 점액질 두께도 변비유발군에서는 현저히 감소되었고 KTG075투여군에서는 점액질층이 거의 정상 수준으로 증가되었다. 이러한 결과는 변비유발군에서의 mucin 2의 생성과 분비가 감소되나 KTG075 투여군에서는 장 기능을 활성화시킴으로써 mucin 2의 생성과 분비를 증가시켜 장관 내 윤활도가 유지되고 장관 운동을 증가시켜 배변을 용이하게 하여 변비 또는 스트레스 등에 의해 저하된 장 기능을 개선시킴을 확인할 수 있었다.
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Abstract Objective Mucins are large glycosylated glycoproteins that are produced in the salivary glands, and their changes may contribute to the development of xerostomia due to aging and the accompanying deterioration of oral hygiene. This study aimed to characterize the changes in the mucins produced in submandibular gland (SMG) during the aging process. Methods SMG mucins derived from mice of each age were separated using supported molecular matrix electrophoresis (SMME). Subsequently, the membranes were stained with AB or blotted with MAL-II lectin. The SMME membranes stained with AB were subjected to densitometric analysis and glycan analysis. The detailed structures of O-glycan were investigated by MS/MS spectra. Results The SMG of mice secreted three mucins with different glycan profiles: age-specific mucin, youth-specific mucin, and a mucin expressed throughout life, and the expression patterns of these mucins change during aging. Additionally, age-specific mucin began to be detected at about 12 months of age. A mucin expressed throughout life and age-specific mucin had the same mass of major glycans but different structures. Furthermore, the proportion of mucin glycan species expressed throughout life changed during the aging process, and aging tended to decrease the proportion of fucosylated glycans and increase the proportion of sialoglycans. Conclusion There are three secretory mucins with different glycan profiles in the SMG of mice, and their expression patterns change according to the period of the aging process. The proportion of glycan species of mucin expressed throughout life also changes during the aging process. Highlights Three secreted mucins with different glycan profiles are detected in SMG using SMME. Each mucin has its own peak production age during the aging process. Age-specific mucin begins to be detected at about 12 months of age. Same mass of major glycans but different structures in mucins expressed throughout life vs. age-specific mucins. Proportion of mucin glycan species expressed throughout life changes during aging.
MUC1
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