Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution of Cemented Tailings Backfill Under Seepage Pressure
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Cemented tailing backfill (CTB) in underground mine inevitably experiences seepage field, which complicates its mechanical behavior. In this study, the mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of CTB under different seepage water pressures (SWPs) were investigated. The results show that, with the increase in SWP, the mechanical properties of CTB decrease, but the decreasing trend reduces gradually. Higher SWP leads the microstructure of CTB looser and more porous, and the largest proportion of pores initiated and propagated by SWP is micropores, which means the damage in CTB under seepage is mostly caused by micropores. Besides, the mechanical properties of CTB under seepage decrease exponentially with the increase in porosity and present linearly inverse proportional relation to the pore area fractal dimension. Results above indicate that SWP has a significant deterioration effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of CTB. The research could not only extend the knowledge of mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of CTB under seepage but also provide a theoretical reference for mechanical index determination and stability analysis of CTB in water-rich underground mines.Fractal and fractal dimension theories applied on catalysts were introduced in this paper. Three methods, including box-counting, scattering and absorption measurements were common in the research of catalysts. The development of fractal catalysts study in recent years was analyzed from four aspects: selection and assessment of catalysts, fractal pore structure, reaction dynamics and mathematics model. Prospect of fractal theory application on catalysts was predicted from the measurement of fractal dimension, catalysts fractal growth model and multifractal reaseach.
Multifractal system
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Feature (linguistics)
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Weathering of rock produces rough surfaces. Profiles from twenty-two weathered limestone specimens were obtained using a high-resolution laser profilometer. Profiles were quantified using five different fractal methods: Modified Divider, Box Counting, Spectral, Semi-Variance, and Roughness Length. The fractal methods provided both fractal dimension and fractal intercept for each of the profiles. The five methods yielded different ranges of fractal dimensions and fractal intercepts. Results of fractal quantification, with the exception of Roughness Length dimension, compared favorably with visual roughness classifications. Since weathering typically affects higher order asperities, the fractal dimension is the most appropriate fractal parameter to assess roughness from weathering. Of the five fractal methods, it was determined that the Spectral or Semi-Variance methods were best to assess weathering roughness. These methods consistently provided fractal dimensions between 1 and 2, compared favorably with visual classification of smooth and rough specimens, and provided a wide range of fractal dimension values.
Multifractal system
Box counting
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Fractured rock mass fractal theoretical model was construct. Block composition and porosity fractal characters of fractured rock mass were studied by using fractal theory. Block fractal number,porosity fractal number and porosity of fractured rock mass, as well as their relationship were studied and formula for calculating them were obtained When statistics are accurate enough, block fractal number is almost equal to porosity fractal number, which means that statistcal fractal dimension is almost equal to theoretical model fractal dimension otherwise, block fractal number is a little larger than porosity fractal number, which means statistical fractal number is a little larger than theoretical model fractal dimension. By applying the calculating method of fractal theoretical model to the main sgaft in Xincheng Gold Mine,the result shows that its theoretical model fractal dimension Dt is 2.4 and porosity is 22.6%.This result Played an important role in the design calculation of the grouting reinforcement project's scope, the strenth of grouting reinforcement material and the amount of grouting material. The result has been also proved to be correct by the practice.
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The basic conception of fractal and fractal dimension is introduced, and the methods for determining four kinds of values of fractal dimensions are defined. Abnormity of rock - crashing can be described by fractal geometry. Intensity, rigidity, drillability of rock and micro- structure, pore structure, crashing manner of rock are related to fractal dimension. Broken fragment distribution function is determined based on laboratory experiment. Broken fractal dimension of rock is calculated. There is inherent relation between rock rigidity, intensity, drillability and rock fractal dimension. Furthermore, the applications of fractal dimension in rock drillability Forecasting is discussed.
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Rigidity (electromagnetism)
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In order to study the quantitative relation between the severity of gas emission and geologic structure, the fractal features of geology structures have been studied by means of fractal geometry, and the comparison of structure fractal dimension and severity of gas emission has been analyzed based on some mining field. It is shown that geological structures show fractal features, the complex degree of geology structures could be quantitatively characterized by use of structure fractal dimension, and there is a positive correlation between structure fractal dimension and the severity of gas emission. The zones where fractal dimension is 1.3 are the zones where gas irregular emission could take place. The result shows important theoretical and practical value in predicting the gas zone in gas enriched mines.
Correlation dimension
Natural gas field
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In order to predict correctly the disaster of coal and gas outburst,the authors take a coal mine as an example and study the fractal features of geology structures by means of fractal geometry.Besides,the authors compare and analyze structure fractal dimension and outburst proneness.It is shown that geological structures own fractal features,the complex degree of geology structures can be quantitively characterized by use of structure fractal dimension,and there is a positive correlation between structure fractal dimension and hazard extent of gas emission and outburst.
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The size distribution of concrete aggregates is analyzed by using the principle of fractal geometry theory. The results indicate that the composition materials of concrete have many obvious fractal phenomena, and hence the fractal theory can become a new effective approach to researches on concrete. The relationships of fractal dimension D versus the size distribution of aggregates, the volume fractal dimension V , and the porosity fractal dimension P are established.
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Abstract Aspects of fractal geometry have been used to give quantitative measurements of soil structure. Fractal dimensions measured were the mass fractal dimension ( D m ), surface fractal dimension ( D s ), and the spectral dimension ( d ). We investigated the fractal component of a computer program, STRUCTURA, which measures the fractal dimension of soil from images of soil thin sections. Six thin sections, each showing different structural characteristics, were analyzed in order to obtain a range of fractal dimensions. The dimensions, in particular D m and d , were shown to discriminate the different structures. The values of D m and d ranged from 1.682 to 1.852 and 1.236 to 1.668, respectively. A further objective was to use these results, together with fractal theory, to show the potential fractal geometry has in predicting physical processes such as diffusion within the soil. To assist with the interpretation of fractal dimensions, the dimensions of different soil samples with the same porosity were compared.
Fractal derivative
Fractal landscape
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