Perspective on the rational design strategies of quinoxaline derived organic sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
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Quinoxaline
Energy transformation
HOMO/LUMO
Open-circuit voltage
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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with different morphologies were introduced into dyesensitized solar cell (DSSC) as low-cost substitutes for Pt counter electrode (CE). The effect of length and orientation of MWCNTs on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSC with MWCNTs CE were studied by measuring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of MWCNTs and the photocurrent density–voltage (J–V ) characteristics of DSSC in this study. Results revealed that the long MWCNTs showed better electrocatalytic activity of reducing triiodide ions than short MWCNTs and yielded the power conversion efficiency of 2.42%. When the aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AMWCNTs) with the same length as the long MWCNTs were used to prepare the CE, the power conversion efficiency of the DSSC reaches 2.95%. In order to further improve the performance of the DSSC, the processing of photoanode and counter electrode were adjusted. The power conversion efficiency of the cell with AMWCNTs as CE prepared by adjusted processing achieved 3.95% and the short circuit current density is superior to the DSSC with Pt as CEs, and it indicated the adjusted processing is beneficial to increase the overall performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell.
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Triiodide
Photocurrent
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Photocurrent
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Many studies on graphene applied to DSSC have been carried out with the aim of increasing the efficiency of power conversion in organic solar cells. This research was conducted to find the best composition of soar cells so that they can be utilized and converted into electrical energy. The use of graphene as a photoanode can increase the conversion efficiency along with good electrical conductivity values in graphene. This review aims to analyze the process of increasing power conversion efficiency in DSSC caused by the addition of graphene to TiO2 which acts as a photoanode in DSSC during the last five years. The results of the measurement of DSSC efficiency increased when the addition of reduced graphene oxide to TiO2 was carried out.
Energy transformation
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The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one candidate among the third-generation solar cells. The performance of most DSSCs based on TiO2 photoanode was limited by the low electron mobility within TiO2. To produce a much higher power conversion efficiency, Sn-doped TiO2 nanowire arrays were successfully prepared using a simple hydrothermal process. It was found that Sn doping augments electron mobility well and raises the flat band potential to improve the performance of DSSCs. The power conversion efficiency (η) of a DSSC based on the reasonable Sn-doped TiO2, N719 dye, platinized counter electrode and iodide/triiodide electrolyte reaches 8.75%. Furthermore, with an anatase TiO2 light scattering layer, a DSSC based on the Sn-doped TiO2 NWAs exhibits a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 9.43%, which is especially useful in weak light conditions.
Triiodide
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Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a third generation solar cell that is well known for its low cost, simple fabrication process and promised reasonable energy conversion efficiency. Basic structure of DSSC is composed of photoanode, dye sensitizer, electrolyte that is sandwiched together in between two transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glasses. Each of the components in the DSSC contributes important role that affect the energy conversion efficiency. In this research, the commonly used titanium dioxide (TiO2) photoanode has previously reported to have high recombination rate and low electron mobility which caused efficiency loss had been compared with the zinc oxide (ZnO) photoanode with high electron mobility (155 cm2V-1s-1). Both of these photoanodes had been deposited through doctor blade technique. The electrical performance of the laboratory based DSSCs were tested using solar cell simulator and demonstrated that ZnO is a better photoanode compared to TiO2 with the energy conversion efficiency of 0.34% and 0.29% respectively. Nanorods shape morphology was observed in ZnO photoanode with average particle size of 41.60 nm and average crystallite size of 19.13 nm. This research proved that the energy conversion efficiency of conventional TiO2 based photoanode can be improved using ZnO material.
Nanorod
Titanium Dioxide
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Dye illumination is a core factor in enhancing the electron density in the conduction band of TiO2 nanocrystallites and therefore also affects the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We investigated the use of anodes composed of TiO2/GeO2 nanocrystallites in DSSCs with the aim of increasing the power conversion efficiency. The interference effects from light reflected from the TiO2/GeO2 and GeO2/electrolyte interfaces significantly enhanced the intensity of the light used to illuminate the dye. We found an optimum power conversion efficiency of 7.91% (measured under standard AM 1.5 test conditions) in the DSSC using TiO2/0.5 wt% GeO2 nanocrystallites compared with 6.05% in a DSSC based on pure TiO2, an efficiency enhancement of 30.7%. This strategy provides a new opportunity for the fabrication of highly efficient DSSCs and the efficiency could be further improved using scalable techniques and components.
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Environmentally Friendly
Carbon fibers
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Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a promising solution to global energy and environmental problems because of its merits on clean, low cost, high efficiency, good durability, and easy fabrication. However, the commercial application of DSSCs has been hindered by the high expenses of counter electrodes (CEs) and limited power conversion efficiency. With an aim of significantly enhancing the power conversion efficiency, here we pioneerly synthesize CoPt alloys using an electrochemically codeposition technique which are employed as CEs for DSSCs. Owing to the rapid charge transfer, electrical conduction, and electrocatalysis, power conversion efficiencies of CoPt-based DSSCs have been markedly elevated in comparison with the DSSC using Pt CE. The DSSC employing CoPt0.02 alloy CE gives an impressive power conversion efficiency of 10.23%. The high conversion efficiency, low cost in combination with simple preparation, and scalability demonstrates the potential use of CoPt alloys in robust DSSCs.
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