Safety and efficacy of immunotherapy in combination with epigenetic therapy in an esophageal adenocarcinoma model.
Ashten N. OmsteadPing ZhengMichael PaskewiczAnastasia GorbunovaMadison SalvittiJuliann E. KosovecBlair A. JobeRonan J. KellyAli H. Zaidi
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335 Background: There is a critical need to develop effective therapeutic approaches for patients with esophageal cancer, a leading cause of cancer mortality. Recently, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has demonstrated modest survival benefit in gastroesophageal cancer patients. Epigenetic therapies, including DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), have shown to enhance tumor immune recognition by directly upregulating antigen presentation and by activation of type-1 interferon response triggered by cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA, a phenomenon known as viral mimicry. In other cancer models, epigenetic therapy has shown early promise by enhancing the effectiveness of ICB via addictive antiproliferative effects, enhanced immune activation and reversal of T cell exhaustion towards a memory-effector T-cell phenotypes. Methods: Esophagojejunostomy was performed to induce gastroduodenojejunal reflux in rats, leading to development of EAC. At 32 weeks postop, animals were randomized into eight treatment and control groups: placebo ± radiation, epigenetic treatment ± radiation, immunotherapy treatment ± radiation, and concurrent epigenetic and immunotherapy ± radiation. Animals underwent three 14 day cycles of epigenetic treatment or placebo. Each cycle consisted of one week of DNMT treatment or placebo at a dose of 0.5mg/kg, followed by one week of HDAC treatment or placebo at a dose of 2mg/kg. Animals received one 3mg/kg dose of PD1 inhibitor or placebo on day 12 of each cycle. Safety and efficacy were evaluated via objective health assessments, change in tumor volume, immunofluorescent labeling and RT-PCR. Results: Seventy of 74 randomized animals reached study end-point with no significant differences in mortality observed across groups (p = 0.556). There were no significant differences in observed health scores or weights between all groups (p = 0.431 and p = 0.882, respectively). Pre to posttreatment, mean MRI tumor volume increased by 263.1% and 90.9% in the placebo and the placebo plus radiation groups, respectively. The largest tumor reduction was observed in the concurrent treatment groups, 84.5% and 61.8% with and without radiation, respectively. Additionally, independent epigenetic and immunotherapy treatments with or without radiation also exhibited decrease in tumor volume, but to a lesser extent than the concurrent regimens (p = 0.005). Immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated a significant increase in CD3+ CD8+ T cells in all treatment groups compared to placebo (p = < 0.001). Gene expression displayed upregulation of CD206 (p = 0.002), TNFα (p = < 0.001), and Arg1 (p = < 0.001) in treatment arms compared to placebo. Conclusions: This study establishes addictive antitumor efficacy and enhanced immune sensitization for a concurrently sequenced treatment, combining epigenetic therapy and radiation with immunotherapy, to treat EAC.Keywords:
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In 459 migraine attacks, information provided to patients (from negative to neutral to positive) modified placebo and medication outcomes in a progressive fashion.
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Μελέτη της πολυπαραγοντικής αναλγησίας στο μετεγχειρητικό πόνο μετά από λαπαροσκοπική χολοκυστεκτομή
Σκοπός:Ο βασικός σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν να ελεγχθεί αν ο συνδυασμός γκαμπαπεντίνης (600mg 4ώρες προεγχειρητικά, 600mg 24ώρες μετά), κεταμίνης (0.3mg/kg πριν την αναισθησία), λορνοξικάμης (8mg πριν την αναισθησία και 8mg/12ώρες) και τοπικής έγχυσης ροπιβακαΐνης (5ml 7.5% στα σημεία εισόδου των trocar) έχει καλύτερη αναλγητική δράση σε σχέση με το καθένα από αυτά τα φάρμακα ξεχωριστά τις πρώτες 24 ώρες μετά από λαπαροσκοπική χολοκυστεκτομή. Δευτερεύων σκοπός ήταν να εξετασθεί αν αυτός συνδυασμός έχει λιγότερες επιπλοκές σχετιζόμενες με την κατανάλωση οπιοειδών.Μέθοδος:Διεξήχθη μία ελεγχόμενη τυχαιοποιημένη μελέτη σε 2 νοσηλευτικά κέντρα. 148 ασθενείς ηλικίας 18-70 ετών κατανεμήθηκαν τυχαία σε 6 ομάδες (28 σε κάθε ομάδα) με τη χρήση λογισμικού: A (γκαμπαπεντίνη/κεταμίνη/λορνοξικάμη/ροπιβακαΐνη), B (γκαμπαπεντίνη/placebo/placebo/placebo), Γ (placebo/κεταμίνη/placebo/placebo), Δ (placebo/placebo/λορνοξικάμη/placebo), E (placebo/placebo/placebo/ροπιβακαΐνη) και ΣΤ (placebo/placebo/placebo/placebo). Μόνο ο κύριος ερευνητής γνώριζε την ομάδα κάθε ασθενούς και παρείχε τα φάρμακα και τα εικονικά φάρμακα σε καλυμμένες προγεμισμένες σύριγγες. Η κύρια έκβαση της μελέτης ήταν η 24ωρη κατανάλωση μορφίνης. Δευτερεύουσες εκβάσεις ήταν η συχνότητα των σχετιζόμενων με τα οπιοειδή επιπλοκών (ναυτία, έμετος, καταστολή, κνησμός και δυσκολία ούρησης).Αποτελέσματα:Μόνο οι ομάδες Α (6.4mg), B (9.46mg) και Δ (9.36mg) είχαν χαμηλότερη κατανάλωση μορφίνης σε σχέση με την ομάδα ελέγχου (20.29mg) (p<0.001, p=0.01 και p=0.008 αντίστοιχα). Η ομάδα Α δε διέφερε από τις ομάδες Β και Δ (p=0.92, p=0.93). Υπήρξε διαφορά μόνο στα επεισόδια ναυτίας και μόνο μεταξύ των ομάδων Α (n=5) και της ομάδας ελέγχου (n=12) (p=0.018). Συμπεράσματα:Ο συνδυασμός γκαμπαπεντίνης, κεταμίνης, λορνοξικάμης, και τοπικής έγχυσης ροπιβακαΐνης δεν έχει ισχυρότερη αναλγητική δράση σε σχέση με μόνη την γκαμπαπεντίνη ή τη λορνοξικάμη μετά από λαπαροσκοπική χολοκυστεκτομή. Ο συνδυασμός μειώνει μόνο τη συχνότητα της μετεγχειρητικής ναυτίας αλλά απαιτούνται μεγαλύτερες μελέτες για την εξαγωγή ασφαλών συμπερασμάτων.
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Patients with chronic pain show large placebo effects in clinical trials, and inert pills can lead to clinically meaningful analgesia that can last from days to weeks. Whether the placebo response can be predicted reliably, and how to best predict it, is still unknown. We have shown previously that placebo responders can be identified through the language content of patients because they speak about their life, and their pain, after a placebo treatment. In this study, we examine whether these language properties are present before placebo treatment and are thus predictive of placebo response and whether a placebo prediction model can also dissociate between placebo and drug responders. We report the fine-tuning of a language model built based on a longitudinal treatment study where patients with chronic back pain received a placebo (study 1) and its validation on an independent study where patients received a placebo or drug (study 2). A model built on language features from an exit interview from study 1 was able to predict, a priori, the placebo response of patients in study 2 (area under the curve = 0.71). Furthermore, the model predicted as placebo responders exhibited an average of 30% pain relief from an inert pill, compared with 3% for those predicted as nonresponders. The model was not able to predict who responded to naproxen nor spontaneous recovery in a no-treatment arm, suggesting specificity of the prediction to placebo. Taken together, our initial findings suggest that placebo response is predictable using ecological and quick measures such as language use.
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Epigenetic alterations during aging are manifested with altered gene expression linking it to lifespan regulation, genetic instability, and diseases. Diet and epigenetic modifiers exert a profound effect on the lifespan of an organism by modulating the epigenetic marks. However, our understanding of the multifactorial nature of the epigenetic process during aging and the onset of disease conditions as well as its reversal by epidrugs, diet, or environmental factors is still mystifying. This review covers the key findings in epigenetics related to aging and age-related diseases. Furthermore, it holds a discussion about the epigenetic clocks and their implications in various age-related disease conditions, including cancer. Although, epigenetics is a reversible process, how fast the epigenetic alterations can revert to normal is an intriguing question. Therefore, this article touches on the possibility of utilizing nutrition and mesenchymal stem cell secretome to accelerate the epigenetic reversal and emphasizes the identification of new therapeutic epigenetic modifiers to counter epigenetic alteration during aging.
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To examine whether there are gender differences in event-related potential (ERP) responses to painful stimulation after administration of placebo medication; and to investigate whether placebo medication reduces anticipatory stress and if this reduction can explain the placebo analgesic response. Several experimental and clinical studies have shown that males report lower pain compared with females. There are, however, few reports of gender differences in placebo analgesia.All subjects (n = 33; 17 women) participated in both a natural history and a placebo condition. ERPs were evoked by heat pulses with a peak at 52 °C.The results showed that pain unpleasantness and the N2/P2 ERP components were reduced in the placebo condition compared with the natural history condition. Only men displayed placebo responses in pain report and in the P2 component. Anticipatory stress was reduced after placebo administration, and the reduction in anticipatory stress was significantly related to the placebo effect on pain. Regression analyses revealed that the interaction of gender by anticipatory stress was significantly related to the mean placebo response, with men responding with lower stress after placebo medication, and larger placebo responses.A placebo response on pain unpleasantness was observed in men only, and reduced stress after placebo administration was observed in males only. Thus, reduced stress may be a mechanism for placebo responses in pain.
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A previous meta-analysis of clinical analgesic trial studies showed generally low magnitudes of placebo analgesia (N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (2001) 1594). However, as studies included in their analysis used only placebo as a control condition, we conducted two meta-analyses, one in which 23 studies used only placebo as a control condition, and one in which 14 studies investigated placebo analgesic mechanisms. Magnitudes of placebo analgesic effects were much higher in the latter (mean effect size=0.95) as compared to the former (mean effect size=0.15) and were significantly different (P=0.003). This difference as well as differences in effect sizes within studies of placebo mechanisms may be parsimoniously explained by differences in expected pain levels produced by placebo suggestions and by conditioning. Furthermore, some of the studies of placebo analgesic mechanisms indicate that the magnitude of placebo analgesia is higher when the placebo analgesic effect is induced via suggestion combined with conditioning than via suggestion alone or conditioning alone. Based on these findings, we suggest that placebo analgesic effects are most optimally conceptualized in terms of perception of the placebo agent, and therefore a new definition of placebo response is proposed.
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