The Influence of Voice Training on Vocal Learners’ Supraglottal Activities and Aerodynamic Evaluation
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Voice Training
Ten healthy volunteers and sixty-four patients with various abnormalities of the hypopharynx and larynx were examined by CT in different functional stages in order to study the normal anatomy and the diagnostic value of CT. CT images during quiet respiration are best for showing small glottic carcinomas. To demonstrate, or exclude, fixation of the vocal cords, it is important to obtain images during "E" phonation. Images during "E" phonation, or during Valsalva's manoeuvre, are essential for demonstrating small carcinomas of the hypopharynx and should be obtained in these cases. These images are also helpful in studying functional abnormalities from paralyses of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, trauma of the larynx and laryngoceles. Images during "E" phonation should therefore be obtained in addition to those during quiet respiration as part of the standard examination of the hypopharynx and larynx.
Vocal folds
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Measurements were taken from lateral still photographs of the vertical larynx position of four professional singers and four nonsingers. Subjects sustained phonation at seven discrete intervals between 90 and 350 Hz. Nonsingers generally positioned their larynx upward with increased voice frequency and tended to maintain a level at or above the larynx physiologic rest position throughout their vocal range. Singers usually maintained a laryngeal position below the physiologic rest level throughout their vocal frequency range. Subject Classification: 70.20; 75.70.
Vocal folds
Position (finance)
Rest (music)
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Larynx is a term that refers to the tubular organ that lies between the pharynx and the trachea. The larynx, which appears in most vertebrates, is made up of nine cartilages and is a key piece in the phonation apparatus.
In humans, the larynx is located in the anterior part of the neck and borders it with the upper part of the trachea. Constituted as the organ of phonation, the larynx responds to the needs of voice and phonation by containing the upper and lower vocal cords.
The invasion of a virus or bacteria, the swelling of viruses and cancer are some of the diseases that affect the larynx.
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This chapter contains sections titled: The larynx The laryngeal cartilages Joints and ligaments The larynx muscles Innervation of the larynx The mucous membrane of the larynx Phonation The linguistic functions of laryngeal activity Phonetic features
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The electrical activity in the extrinsic laryngeal muscles during phonation at different pitch reflects the muscular activity which causes the position of the larynx as shown in X-ray photographs.The function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles during phonation at different pitch has been investigated by measuring X-ray photographs of the larynx taken from the lateral aspect. With increasing pitch a lengthening of the vocal cords and a cranial movement of the larynx was demonstrated. In extremely high tones a caudal movement of the larynx was seen. The importance of the function of the sterno-thyroid muscle for these movements was suggested (Sonninen 1956). The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate the electrical activity in the extrinsic laryngeal muscles during phonation at different pitch and to make a comparison between the results from these two kinds of investigations.
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Considering differences in laryngeal anatomy, degree of control, and range of voice qualities between animals and humans, investigations of the neuromuscular process of voice control are better conducted using a living human larynx in which parametric stimulation of individual laryngeal muscles is possible. Due to difficulties in access and monitoring of laryngeal muscle activities, such investigations are impossible in living human subject experiments. This study reports the recent success in developing an ex vivo perfused human larynx model, which allows parametric muscle stimulation and observation of its influence on phonation of a virtually living human larynx in a well-controlled laboratory environment.
Ex vivo
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Objectives: Although excised laryngeal models and physical models of the larynx are important in the study of laryngeal dynamics, they cannot be used to study the influence of neuromuscular contraction on vocal fold vibration, especially with regard to the thyroarytenoid muscle. Our aim was to develop an ex vivo larynx model of phonation, and combine the benefits of the in vivo and excised laryngeal models to the ex vivo situation. Methods: Three canine larynges were surgically removed and perfused ex vivo with modified Krebs-Henseleit reperfusion solution. The laryngeal nerves were stimulated, and an assessment of neuromuscular viability, phonation, and vocal fold vibration was made. Results: Neuromuscular stimulation, phonation, and experimental manipulation were possible for several hours after the onset of ex vivo perfusion. Repeatable periodic phonation in short bursts was achieved. Perfusion appears critical to maintain ex vivo viability, as adductory force was almost immediately lost upon cessation of ex vivo perfusion. Conclusions: The ex vivo larynx model has the potential to facilitate the measurement of glottal variables in a neuromuscularly correct model. We propose that the further development of this laryngeal model may be useful in the study of laryngeal dynamics, particularly when invasive measurements, such as that of glottal exit flow, are required.
Ex vivo
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Comparison of the Phonation-Related Structures among Pig, Dog, White-Tailed Deer, and Human Larynges
There is an important need for good animal models of the larynx for the study of the physiology of phonation. The dog's larynx has been used as an animal model for more than 2 centuries of phonatory research. However, there is some evidence that the pig larynx has advantages over the dog larynx as a model of phonation. Another larynx that is readily available is the deer larynx. In this comparative study, the laryngeal anatomy and function were examined in 4 species — human, pig, dog, and white-tailed deer. Particular attention was directed to those structures that one would predict could affect phonation, from the anatomic and biomechanical point of view. Although the vocal fold length was similar for all 4 species, the larynges described differed in some phonation-related characteristics. The data suggest that from a structural perspective, the pig larynx is a superior model for phonatory research.
White (mutation)
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Articulatory Phonetics
Vocal folds
Bioacoustics
Animal model
Muscle tension
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