Residential green space and age at menarche in German and Australian adolescent girls: A longitudinal study
Iana MarkevychThomas Astell‐BurtHicran AltuğKai TriebnerMarie StandlClaudia FlexederJoachim HeinrichTamara SchikowskiSibylle KoletzkoGunda HerberthCarl‐Peter BauerAndrea von BergDietrich BerdelXiaoqi Feng
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Menarche
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Case fatality rate
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Elderly individuals who experience weight loss are at increased risk of premature death and disability. These data contradict findings among younger populations, showing direct relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and chronic diseases.In the following manuscript we reviewed papers published in medical as well as in nutritional journals in the area of weight change, morbidity and mortality in old age, since 1990.Recent data indicates that among the elderly, unintentional weight loss of 5% of baseline weight during a period of 1 year marks the beginning of nutritional deterioration. As for BMI, in most studies that were reviewed for this manuscript, BMI of over 25 was protective. In a large study that was conducted in Hong Kong with 2032 participants aged 70 and older, low baseline weight was associated with mortality and was an independent predictor for the development of new diseases. In another large multicentered cohort study in the USA, 4714 participants were followed. Mortality rates among weight losers were twice as high as mortality rates among the rest of the group.Low-weight and weight loss are independent predictors for mortality among the elderly population. There is a need to develop and implement screening methods for weight loss in all the medical settings that deal with elderly people. Additionally, there is a need for developing and assessing models for intervention among elderly people who are at nutritional risk.
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The objective of this article is to provide estimates of life expectancy for White, Black, and Hispanic populations by socioeconomic factors. Effects of educational, income, employment, and marital status on life expectancy are presented and interpreted.The National Longitudinal Mortality Study, consisting of a number of Current Population Surveys (CPS) linked to mortality information obtained from the National Death Index, provides data to construct life tables for various socioeconomic and demographic groups. Probabilities of death are estimated using a person-year approach to accommodate the aging of the population over 11 years of follow up.Across various ethnicity-race-sex groups, longer life expectancy was observed for individuals with higher levels of education and income, and for those who were married and employed. The differences in life expectancy between levels of the socioeconomic characteristics tended to be larger for men than for women. Also, differences were found to be larger for the non-Hispanic Black population compared to the non-Hispanic White population. Hispanic White men exhibited patterns similar to those of non-Hispanic White and Black men.For selected ethnicity-race-sex groups, the impact of socioeconomic variables on life expectancy is dramatic. The shorter life expectancy observed among the poor, the less educated, the unmarried, and those not in the labor force, highlights the impact of socioeconomic disadvantage on survival. Further, the substantial 14-year differential favoring the employed over those not in the labor force may be partially explained by unemployment due to poor health. Another reason may be that employed individuals have greater access to health care than do those not in the labor force.
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Introduction
Few epidemiologic cohort studies on the etiology of chronic disease are powerful enough to distinguish racial and ethnic determinants from socioeconomic determinants of health behaviors and observed disease patterns. The Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2), with its large number of respondents and the variation in lifestyles of its target populations, promises to shed light on these issues. This paper focuses on some preliminary baseline analyses of responses from the first group of participants recruited for AHS-2.
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A model adjusting for reductions in quality and quantity of life was developed to estimate the population health impact of musculoskeletal diseases.Using arthritis as the prototype, prevalence, mortality, and severity data from a variety of sources were combined to model a hypothetical cohort of 1,000 individuals through life. Quality adjusted life years and population health expectancy were calculated for those with arthritis and compared to the general population.Without adjusting for quality of life, a cohort of 1,000 women and 1,000 men at age 15 years could expect 65,010 and 58,735 life years, respectively. Adjusting for quality of life, women with arthritis could expect 61,719 life years, and men 57,123 life years. The unadjusted population health expectancy was 65.0 for girls and 58.7 for boys (at age 15 years). Adjusting for quality of life, the population health expectancies were 61.7 and 57.1, years for women and men, respectively.Using this model, the typical adult woman with arthritis can expect to lose 3.3 healthy years of life, and a man, 1.6 healthy years of life. Overall, the model provided a general methodology for determining the population health impact of musculoskeletal diseases. In addition, it is hoped that the methodology will stimulate further research into this area, raise awareness about the uses and limitations of currently available data, and provide a useful model for monitoring the impact of interventions.
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