Contribution of Small Phytoplankton to Primary Production in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas
Jung-Woo ParkYejin KimKwan‐Woo KimAmane FujiwaraHisatomo WagaJae Joong KangSang Heon LeeEun Jin YangToru Hirawake
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Abstract:
The northern Bering and Chukchi seas are biologically productive regions but, recently, unprecedented environmental changes have been reported. For investigating the dominant phytoplankton communities and relative contribution of small phytoplankton (<2 µm) to the total primary production in the regions, field measurements mainly for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and size-specific primary productivity were conducted in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during summer 2016 (ARA07B) and 2017 (OS040). Diatoms and phaeocystis were dominant phytoplankton communities in 2016 whereas diatoms and Prasinophytes (Type 2) were dominant in 2017 and diatoms were found as major contributors for the small phytoplankton groups. For size-specific primary production, small phytoplankton contributed 38.0% (SD = ±19.9%) in 2016 whereas 25.0% (SD = ±12.8%) in 2017 to the total primary productivity. The small phytoplankton contribution observed in 2016 is comparable to those reported previously in the Chukchi Sea whereas the contribution in 2017 mainly in the northern Bering Sea is considerably lower than those in other arctic regions. Different biochemical compositions were distinct between small and large phytoplankton in this study, which is consistent with previous results. Significantly higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents per unit of chlorophyll-a, whereas lower C:N ratios were characteristics in small phytoplankton in comparison to large phytoplankton. Given these results, we could conclude that small phytoplankton synthesize nitrogen-rich particulate organic carbon which could be easily regenerated.Keywords:
Primary productivity
Primary producers
To understand the growth of attached microalgae to the immersed artificial surfaces in seawater with exposure time, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration and abundance of attached microalgae to glass slides, and primary productivity and chl a concentration on coverglasses were investigated in Incheon Harbour in May, June 1996 and January-February 1997. Chl a concentrations of microalgae and abundances of diatoms attached to glass slides reached 62.5 mg chl a and cells , respectively, during the study period. Chl a concentrations increased with exposure time, and they were significantly correlated with the abundances of attached diatoms (, p and 65.4 mg chl a , and then decreased in May, June 1996. But in January-February 1997, the chl a concentration increased continuously up to 98.9 mg chl a . The primary productivity reached the maximum values of 63.1 mgC , 347.0 mgC and 78.3 mgC , respectively, in May, June and January-February. The primary productivity in May and June varied in accordance with chl a concentrations. But in January-February, the primary productivity decreased from 26 days of exposure while chl a concentration continued to increase. Two cases that primary productivity decreased abruptly seemed to be caused by decrement of chl a and light specific (chl a specific primary productivity) (May and June) and by decrement of light specific due to photoinhibition (January-February). The results of present study indicated that chl a concentrations and the primary productivity of microalgae attached to artifical surfaces immersed in seawater would expedite analysis of dynamics of biomass and physiological status of attached microalgae during biofilm formations.
Primary productivity
Photoinhibition
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Respiration rate
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In order to estimate a better methodological factor to understand phytoplankton ecology between abundance and bio volume of phytoplankton, each 1,160 phytoplankton data, including abundance, classification and chlorophyll a concentration were collected in Korean coastal waters of Incheon (Yellow sea), Tongyeong (South sea), and Ulsan (East sea). Based on these data, phytoplankton bio volume can be calculated through a geometric model. The correlation coefficient between abundance and chlorophyll a concentration was higher than the coefficient between biovolume and chlorophyll a concentration, because a small size phytoplankton has relatively dense chlorophyll contents compared with the proportion of chlorophyll in a large size phytoplankton. Thus, the interpretation using abundance to understand phytoplankton ecology in Korean coastal waters may be more effective than that using bio volume.
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Nutrient cycle
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不同粒径大小浮游藻类的养分吸收速率、沉降特性和能流方向等都不相同，浮游藻类生物量的粒级组成变化对湖泊生态系统的结构与功能具有重要影响.为了解通江湖泊浮游藻类粒级组成演替规律及其驱动机制，于2018年9月—2019年9月对东洞庭湖进行了年度采样调查，研究了不同粒级浮游藻类的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明：东洞庭湖浮游藻类叶绿素a总浓度呈现显著的时空分布差异；季节上表现为夏季（22.43 μg/L） > 秋季（16.95 μg/L） > 春季（11.69 μg/L） > 冬季（3.28 μg/L），空间上表现为北部湖区（26.12 μg/L）>南部湖区（15.81 μg/L） > 东部行洪道（5.88 μg/L）.纳微型藻（3~20 μm）是东洞庭湖浮游藻类生物量的主要贡献者，其在冬季优势度最高，为68.0%；春季开始，超微型藻（0~3 μm）的贡献量逐渐增加，到夏季达到最高值，为42.1%；粒径最大的微型藻（>20 μm）占比最低，全年平均占比16.2%.RDA限制性排序结果表明，不同粒级浮游藻类对环境因子的响应趋势相同，但适应能力不同；温度、水位、营养盐和pH等是影响东洞庭湖浮游藻类粒级结构的重要因素.;Cell size is an important element determining phytoplankton physiological and ecological processes, including nutrient uptake, sinking and grazing; thus, phytoplankton size-structure plays an important role in the structure and function of lake ecosystem. To understand the succession patterns and driving factors of total chlorophyll-a and size structure of phytoplankton, field in-situ investigation was conducted from September 2018 to September 2019 in the east Lake Dongting, a Yangtze River- connected lake. The total phytoplankton chlorophyll-a biomass showed significant seasonality and spatiality. The highest concentration of total chlorophyll-a was observed in summer (22.43 μg/L), followed by autumn (16.95 μg/L), spring (11.69 μg/L) and winter (3.28 μg/L). Spatially, the total phytoplankton chlorophyll-a was highest in the north (26.12 μg/L) and lowest in the east (5.88 μg/L) of the lake. Phytoplankton was overwhelmingly dominated by nanophytoplankton (3-20 μm). The proportion of nanophytoplankton to total phytoplankton chlorophyll-a biomass was highest in winter (68.0%), whereas the proportion of picophytoplankton (0-3 μm) increased gradually in spring and peaked in summer (42.1%). The contribution of microplankton (>20 μm) to total phytoplankton chlorophyll-a biomass was lowest with a mean of 16.2% all year round. The results of redundancy analysis indicated that phytoplankton with different cell sizes showed similar responsive trends to environmental changes, while their adaptabilities were different. Temperature, water levels, nutrients and pH were the key factors explaining size-structure of phytoplankton in east Lake Dongting.
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Measurements of primary productivity and phytoplankton biomass in Castle Lake are presented for an 8‐month period. Primary productivity and phytoplankton carbon content under a square meter of lake surface exhibit similar seasonal trends and achieve maximum values in July. Phytoplankton loss rates are calculated by subtracting the rate of change of carbon content from the primary productivity, and specific loss rates are estimated by dividing loss rates by phytoplankton carbon. Specific loss rates range from more than 0.80 day −1 in May to less than 0.20 day −1 in midsummer and in December. Loss rates in the spring cannot be attributed to water transport, sinking, or grazing. Cell mortality and decomposition when environmental tolerances are exceeded may be significant causes of phytoplankton loss in the lake.
Primary productivity
Carbon fibers
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To understand the relationship between the spatial-temporal variations of phytoplankton primary productivity and its environmental factors in Dianshan Lake, monthly survey was carried out from April, 2009 to March, 2010, with the method of white and black bottles. The result shows that seasonal variation of primary productivity (calculated according to carbon, following the same) is summer [0.95 g x (m3 x d)(-1)] > winter [0.83 g x (m3 x d)(-1)] > spring [0.77 g x (m3 x d)(-1)] > autumn [0.62 g x (m3 x d)(-1). From the flat distribution, primary productivity is higher in northern and southern parts than that in east and west, with no significant differences in each point (p > 0.05). From the vertical distribution, phytoplankton light availability is an important limiting factor. Primary production of 0. 3 m underwater is higher than that of 0.5 m. However, primary production of 0.3 m level in summer is lower because of light inhibition. Seasonal changes in primary productivity may be due to phytoplankton community structure and replacement of the dominant species. There are significantly positive correlation between Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and phytoplankton density with primary productivity (p < 0.01), and Chl-a has better correlation with primary productivity. Phytoplankton biomass shows a positive reaction to its productivity and may preliminary provide a reference for the number of phytoplankton.
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Phytoplankton are imperative part of lentic and lotic waters. The primary productivity of phytoplankton provides the base for the aquatic food chains as well as the fish populations. They also generate 70% of the world's oxygen. Therefore, it becomes important that the diversity and dynamics of the phytoplankton be figured out. In connivance with this, a study on the phytoplanktonic populations inhabiting the river Chenab was carried out from 2000 to 2002. Phytoplankton collection during the two years of study in river Chenab and its tributaries recorded 20 species belonging to 3 major groups namely, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae. On the whole, Chlorophyceae was represented by 11 species (55%), Bacillariophyceae by 7 species (35%) and Cyanophyceae by 2 species (10%). Phytoplankton is algae suspended in the water column and transported by currents. Their biomass and species composition are important in determining rates of primary productivity and food availability to consumer species. Phytoplankton primary production provides the base upon which the aquatic food chains culminating in the natural fish populations are exploited by man are founded, at the same time generating 70% of the world's atmospheric oxygen supply. The relationships between total phytoplankton biomass and changes in abiotic conditions are well established and quite significant as an increased biomass is generally associated with higher rates of production and consumption in the aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton could be considered as suitable indicators of water quality in that they are simple, capable of quantifying changes in water quality, applicable over large geographic areas and can also furnish data on background conditions and natural variability. More so micro algal components respond rapidly to perturbations and are suitable bio-indicators of water condition which are beyond the tolerance of many other biota used for monitoring.
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Primary production in Marion Lake is inversely related to the rate at which water enters the lake when light intensity is corrected to a standard level. Increased flushing rates reduce the phytoplankton standing crop thereby lowering the total primary productivity in the lake. Thus seasonal variations in rainfall in southwestern British Columbia exert an appreciable influence on the annual productivity pattern of the lake’s phytoplankton. Lake water artificially enclosed within small areas of the lake produced algal blooms while phytoplankton standing crop in the rest of the lake remained low. Nannoplankton appear to have a selective advantage over larger, more slowly reproducing forms in Marion Lake. The production: biomass ratio for lake phytoplankton was used as an indication of the general type of limiting factor affecting the instantaneous rate of productivity in the lake.
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ABSTRACT Parallel determination of phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentration were made on spring and summer phytoplankton samples collected from 165 Florida lakes. There was a significant correlation between chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton biomass (r=0.80; P < 0.01). Chlorophyll content per unit phytoplankton biomass ranged over two orders of magnitude. Nitrogen seemed to be a major factor influencing the chlorophyll content of Florida algae. Multiple regression analyses indicated that phytoplankton biomass was dependent on both the total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration. Nutrient‐phytoplankton and Secchi‐phytoplankton relationships for the Florida lakes had higher coefficients of determination if chlorophyll a concentrations rather than phytoplankton biomass data were used in regression analyses.
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