ION CHROMATOGRAPHY AND CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC ANIONS - CURRENT STATUS AND RELATIVE MERITS
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Ion chromatography
A breadboard approach for electrophoretic separations with contactless conductivity detection is presented. This is based on miniature off-the-shelf components such as syringe pumps, valves, and pressure controllers which could be set up in a very compact overall arrangement. It has a high flexibility for different tasks at hand, and the common operations of hydrodynamic injection and capillary flushing are automated. For demonstration of the versatility of the proposition, several very diverse configurations and modes of electrophoresis were successfully implemented, namely, standard capillary zone electrophoresis, pressure assisted zone electrophoresis, the simultaneous separation of cations and anions by dual-capillary zone electrophoresis, the separation of cationic amino acids by isotachophoresis, as well as the separation of small carboxylic acids by gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis. The system also allows fast separations, as demonstrated by the analysis of six inorganic cations within 35 s. The approach addresses respective limitations of either conventional capillary electrophoresis instruments as well as electrophoretic lab-on-chip devices, while maintaining a performance in terms of detection limits and reproducibility comparable to standard instrumentation.
Isotachophoresis
Free-flow electrophoresis
Electro-osmosis
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A review is given on application of electrochemiluminescence(ECL) of Ru(bpy)2+3 subjected to capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis,food analysis,and bioscience.The basic characteristics of ECL of Ru(bpy)2+3 subjected to capillary electrophoresis are briefed,and development in the applied research on ECL of Ru(bpy)2+3 subjected to capillary electrophoresis and combined with composites and microchip is introduced.Moreover,suggests are provided about the prospects of ECL of Ru(bpy)2+3 subjected to capillary electrophoresis.
Electrochemiluminescence
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Abstract Capillary electrophoresis and the use of electrochemically based detection schemes for capillary electrophoresis are reviewed. The three different electrochemical methods used in capillary electrophoresis include potentiometric, conductivity, and amperometric detection.
Amperometry
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Abstract The separation of lanthanide and actinide elements belongs to one of the most challenging tasks of the separation science, due to a great similarity in their physical and chemical properties. The electrophoretic separation can be accomplished in the presence of suitable complex‐forming agents, from which α‐hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) has been used most often. In the most effective capillary electrophoretic mode – capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) – a complete separation of lanthanide ions can be accomplished within a few minutes. Various electrophoretic methods can be relatively easily adopted for the determinations of individual lanthanide elements in certain kinds of technical materials, concentrates, precursors, etc. , where the high speed and low costs of analysis characteristics of capillary electrophoresis (CE) may be advantageously exploited. Electrophoretic techniques may also be employed for speciation studies, especially for examinations of the behavior of actinides in the environment.
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A capillary electrophoresis method with UV detection is proposed for the identification and quantitation of bacterial contamination in food samples. The electrophoretic separation relies on the differential mobility of bacteria in the capillary. Electrophoretic resolution is improved by using calcium and myoinositol hexakisphosphate as specific ions that interact with the bacterial surface changing its electrical properties and electrophoretic mobility. The proposed method allows the effective separation of eight different types of bacteria in only 25 min. It was successfully used to detect the presence of bacteria in contaminated food. The precision of the analysis of real spiked samples ranges from 3.3 to 7.0%, and the overall analysis time is 7 h, which is much shorter than the 24−48 h typically required for plate counts. The validity of the method was established by comparison with the standard plate counting method.
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Abstract Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful analytical technique which is increasing in utility in the pharmaceutical industry. It is used as an alternative or complementary technique to HPLC due to its high efficiency, speed of analysis, reduction in solvent and sample consumption, and low operating cost compared to HPLC methodology. Various modes have been developed and used for pharmaceutical analysis including capillary zone electrophoresis, non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isotachophoresis, chiral capillary electrophoresis, and capillary electrochromatography. This review summarizes the principles and gives recent pharmaceutical analysis applications used for each mode of capillary electrophoresis. The review will also describe recent developments for enhancing concentration limits of detection. Keywords: Pharmaceutical analysisCapillary electrophoresis Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Vincent Antonucci and Dr. Xiaoyi Gong of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories for their support and review of the manuscript.
Isotachophoresis
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography
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Electrophoretic techniques such as capillary zone
electrophoresis and one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis were applied in the separation of
polydeoxycytidylic acids between 3 and 18 nucleotides in chain
length (dC3-dC18). In capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), the
electrophoretic behavior of homo-oligonucleotides in
hydrophilic coated capillary (CEP) and polyethyleneimine coated
capillary (PEI) was followed under various experimental
conditions. One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
was chosen as a supplemental method in the characterization of
electrophoretic properties of polydeoxycytidylic acids.
Free-flow electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide
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Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry
Amino Acid Analysis
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The determination of drugs and their metabolites is becoming increasingly important in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.Capillary electrophoresis(CE) with chemiluminescence detection(CL) has potential application in analytical chemistry due to both the high efficiency of separation of capillary electrophoresis and the high sensitivity of CL detection.The mainly advantages of CE-CL technique include fast separation,less pollution,decreased cost and waste production.The application of the capillary electrophoresis chemiluminescence detection in drug analysis was discussed.
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