Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia: a preliminary study
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Artifact (error)
Lateral ventricles
The artifacts of a large (+1100 responses) survey of professional software developers concerning standards for naming source code methods is presented. The artifact consists of the survey questions along with all the responses from participants. The artifact allows other researchers to examine and study the responses to the survey.
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Survey Methodology
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Playing a central role in the information-systems research community’s discourse on design science has been the concept of the “IT artifact.” We pose the alternative concept of the “IS artifact.” We “unpack” what has been called the “IT artifact” into a separate “information artifact” and “technology artifact” that, together with a “social artifact,” interact to form the “IS artifact.” We illustrate the value of the “IS artifact” concept with material from two cases. The result is to restore the idea that design science needs to attend to the design of the entire IS artifact, not just the IT artifact.
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This paper reflects on the push and pull forces that go into co-designing an artifact at the early phase of the design process, and which typically lose touch in later design stages. The design method and approach, how users and designers interact, and the relationship between process and result are all interests. The goal is to analyze a case study and reflect on how the change in the user-designer-artifact relationship also changes the mechanisms by which an artifact is shaped. Following the work of Madeline Akrich, which advises design researchers to explore instances where the design and use of an artifact are not well-matched, this paper investigates how participants and designers collaboratively define the boundaries between the “inside” and “outside” of an artifact at the early phase of the design process.
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CR방식의 도입으로 인해 많은 장점을 가지게 되었으나 기존의 Film/Screen방식에서 발생되지 않았던 Artifact가 새롭게 발생하였다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 광주에 위치한 일개 종합병원에서 획득한 CR 영상중 Artifact가 발생한 경우를 3가지로 나누어 측정하였다. 시간 지연과 농도변화에 의한 Artifact는 시간이 경과할수록 자연방사선에 의한 영향으로 1일보다 5일후에 67%의 농도가 증가 되었으며 잠상퇴행에 의한 Artifact는 즉시보다 10시간 후의 빛의 방출도가 33%감소하여 시간이 경과할수록 영상의 질이 저하되었다. 술자에 의한 Artifact는 Collimation에 의한 Artifact가 53%, 기기에 의한 Artifact는 Guiding plate, Suction cup으로 인한 Artifact가 65%로 가장 많이 발생되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 Artifact에 대한 정확한 인식을 정기적인 점검을 통해 해결방안을 모색한다면 영상의 질 및 진료의 만족도를 높여 갈 수 있을 것이다.
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لمراقبة ورصد أنشطة واشارات المخ، دون الحاجة لأي عملیات (EEG) یستخدم الرسم أو التخطیط الكھربائي للدماغ
للدماغجراحیة، وھي تعد الأداة الأكثر استخداما في الكشف عن أي شذوذأو نوبات غیر طبیعیة مثل نوبات الصرع. وقد أظھرت دراسات حدیثة، أن الكشف الآلي لنوبات حدیثي الولادة، ساعد علماء الفسیولوجیا العصبیة في تشخیص الاشارات الدماغیة بشكل أكبر من الكشف الیدوي، حیث أن الكشف الیدوي یحتاج إلى وقت وجھد أكبر وھوذو فعالیة أقل بكثیر، إلا أنھ لا یزال یفتقر إلى المتانة الضروریة والمطلوبة للتطبیق السریري.علاوة على ذلك؛ فكما یقوم الرسم الكھربائي بتسجیل الأنشطة والإشارات الدماغیة الداخلیة، فھو یسجل أیضا أي نشاط أو اشارات خارجیة، مما یؤدي إلى -(artifacts) :حدوث خلل في مدى دقة وفعالیة الكشف عن النوبات الدماغیة الداخلیة، ویطلق على تلك الاشارات مسمى (نتاج صنعي) . 0.5٪ولادة حدیثة في -٪تعد نوبات الصرع من أكثر المشكلات العصبیة انتشارا، وھي تصیب ما یقارب 0.1المستشفیات. حیث أن حدیثي الولادة المصابین بنوبات الصرع ھم أكثر عرضة للوفاة، وكما تشیر التقاریر الى أنھم 70مرة أكثر. لذا یعد الكشف المبكر والدقیق للنوبات الدماغیة -معرضین للإصابة بالشلل الدماغي الشدید بما یقارب 55لحدیثي الولادة مھم جدا لمنع الضرر العصبي على المدى الطویل. لقد تم القیام بالعدید من المحاولات التي كانتتھدف الى تصمیم نموذج التخطیط الكھربائي والنتاج الصنعي لدماغ حدیثي الولادة, إلا أن معظمھا لم یعر أي اھتمام الى قضیة تعدد القنوات. إضافة الى ذلك, استخدمت ھذه النماذج , كل على حدة, أو نوبات الصرع. تھدف ھذه الدراسة الى تصمیم نماذج مصطنعة من شأنھا (artifact) لإختبار كاشفات النتاج الصنعيأن تولد اشارات دماغیة متعددة القنوات سلیمة أو معطلة وذلك لفحص مدى دقة فعالیة خوارزمیات الكشف عن نوبات ضمن بیئة یمكن السیطرة علیھا. (artifact) الصرع و النتاج الصنعي في ھذه الأطروحة, یتكون نموذج الرسم الكھربائي المصطنع لحدیثي الولادة من : قناة محاكاة واحده للرسم الكھربائي, نموذج رأس, 21قطب كھربائي و معادلات إنتشار. حیث تھدف جمیعھا لإنتاج إشاراة سلیمة متعدده القنوات للتخطیط عن طریق استخدام اشارات مصطنعة (artifact) الكھربائي للدماغ.علاوة على ذلك, لقد تم تصمیم نموذجالنتاج الصنعيفي نطاقالوقت و (artifact) لإتلاف الرسم الكھربائي للدماغ. بعد ذلك تم انشاء برنامج لكشف و إزالةالنتاج الصناعينطاقالوقت و التردد المشترك. تم تحسین برنامج الكشف النتاج الصناعيالى ابعد ما یمكن بینما تمت عملیة تقییم أداء الإزالة. وفي الختام تم التمكن من تطویر تقنیة الكشف الآلي عن نوبات الصرع, وذلك بتوظیف صفات مدمجة و صفات الذي تم التأكد من صحتھ. (SVM) جدیدة للقنوات المتعددة لإستخدامھا للمصنفلقد أظھرت النتائج أن نموذج الرسم الكھربائي المصطنع لحدیثي الولادة یحاكي الرسمالكھربائي الحقیقي لحدیثي الولادة بمتوسط ترابط 0.62, و أنالرسم الكھربائي المتضرر للدماغ قد یؤدي الى حدوث ھبوطفي مدى دقة متوسط الكشف عن نوبات الصرع من 100%الى 70.9%. وقد أشارت أیضا الى أن استخدام الكشف والإزالة عن النتاج الصنعي (artifact) یؤدي الى تحسن مستوى الدقة الى نسبة 89.6 %, وأن توظیف الصفات الجدیدة للقنوات المتعددة یزید من
تحسنھا لتصل الى نسبة 94.4 % مما یعمل على دعم متانتھا.
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Objective
To investigate the variation of the lateral ventricles volume and the angle of lateral ventricles in AD patients.
Methods
20 AD patients and 20 healthy persons as the control were enrolled in this study and performed with craniocerebral scanning using 3.0T MRI, respectively. Quantitative measurements were made with stereology, including the volume of lateral ventricles, the relation of the variation of the angle and illness degree.
Results
There were significant differences between normal controls and patients with AD in the whole volume of lateral ventricles, the left whole volume of lateral ventricles(AD(71.53±3.25)cm3, healthy person(65.39±4.59)cm3, t=-4.88 , P<0.00), the left whole volume of lateral ventricles(AD(36.14±1.75)cm3, healthy person(31.88±3.24)cm3, t=-5.16, P<0.00), the right whole volume of lateral ventricles(AD(35.42±2.89)cm3, healthy person (33.22±2.48)cm3, t=-2.58, P<0.01). There were significant differences between normal controls and patients with AD in left anterior horn and right anterior horn of the lateral ventricles.There were significant differences between normal controls and patients with AD in width of the left temporal horn and the right temporal horn of the lateral ventricles(AD the width of the left temporal horn(5.28±1.72)mm, healthy person(2.13±0.97)mm, t=8.74 , P<0.05, AD the width of right temporal horn(5.13±1.83)mm, healthy person(2.08±1.01 )mm, t=8.01, P<0.05). There was significant correlation between the width of the left temporal horn, the right temporal horn and the scores of MMSE and FOM.
Conclusion
The changes of the lateral ventricular volume and point of presence of patients with Alzheimer's disease were characteristically which may be reference in evaluating of Alzheimer's disease.
Key words:
Alzheimer Disease; Lateral ventricles; MRI; Volume; Angle
Lateral ventricles
Left Ventricles
Stereology
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Abstract The concept of the ‘information technology (IT) artifact’ plays a central role in the information systems (IS) research community's discourse on design science. We pose the alternative concept of the ‘IS artifact’, unpacking what has been called the IT artifact into a separate ‘information artifact’, ‘technology artifact’ and ‘social artifact’. Technology artifacts (such as hardware and software), information artifacts (such as a message) and social artifacts (such as a charitable act) are different kinds of artifacts that together interact in order to form the IS artifact. We illustrate the knowledge value of the IS artifact concept with material from three cases. The result is to restore the idea that the study of design in IS needs to attend to the design of the entire IS artifact, not just the IT artifact. This result encourages an expansion in the use of design science research methodology to study broader kinds of artifacts.
Artifact (error)
Design science research
Design Science
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Artifact badging aims to rank the quality of submitted research artifacts and promote reproducibility. However, artifact badging may not indicate inherent design and evaluation limitations. This work explores current limits in artifact badging using a performance-based evaluation of the NDP artifact. We evaluate the NDP artifact beyond the Reusable badge's level, investigating the effect of aspects such as packet size and random-number seed on throughput and flow completion time. Our evaluation demonstrates that while the NDP artifact is reusable, it is not robust, and we identify architectural, implementation and evaluation limitations.
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Rank (graph theory)
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Structural neuroimaging studies have provided some of the most consistent evidence for brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Since the initial computed tomography study by Johnstone and co-workers, which reported lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia, advances in brain imaging technology have enabled further and more refined characterization of abnormal brain structure in schizophrenia in vivo. This selective review discusses the major issues and findings in structural neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia. Among these are evidence for generalized and regional brain volume abnormalities, the specificity of anatomic findings to schizophrenia and to men versus women with schizophrenia, the contribution of genetic influences, and the timing of neuroanatomic pathology in schizophrenia. The second section reviews new approaches for examining brain structure in schizophrenia and their applications to studies on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Background Structural brain abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia. We tested the hypothesis that these abnormalities represented a marker for the genetic liability to schizophrenia in a sample of people with schizophrenia and their relatives from families multiply affected with the disorder. Method We compared 31 people with schizophrenia, 57 relatives and 39 unrelated control subjects. Volumetric measurement of brain structures was carried out using stereological principles from three-dimensional reconstructed magnetic resonance images. Results Subjects with schizophrenia had larger lateral ventricles than their relatives and the normal control subjects. Relatives who were ‘presumed obligate carriers' had larger left lateral ventricles than other relatives and the control subjects. Subjects with schizophrenia showed smaller whole brain and cerebellar volumes and larger lateral ventricles than their age–and gender-matched unaffected siblings. Conclusions In families multiply affected with schizophrenia lateral ventricular enlargement distinguishes people with schizophrenia and presumed obligate carriers from other relatives and unrelated control subjects. These changes may be a marker for a genetic liability to schizophrenia.
Lateral ventricles
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