Physiological changes during the development of potassium deficiency in cotton
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Keywords:
Lint
Petiole (insect anatomy)
Potassium deficiency
Fiber crop
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum ssp.) belongs to the genus Gossypium from the family Malvaceae. About 100 genera are in the family Malvaceae and about 1500 species. It is grown worldwide for oil, seed, and fiber. A major problem in cotton cultivation is a drought that’s why this experiment was planned to evaluate the cotton mutants for drought tolerance. A variety of cotton Cyto-155 was mutated with gamma rays at different intensities such that 20kR, 25kR, 30kR, and 35kR, to obtain some genetic variation. Mutated seed along with non-mutated of that cotton variety was sown in split plot layout under randomized complete block design with three replications, under the normal irrigated condition with six irrigations and water stress condition with two irrigations at maturity data was collected for plant height, number of monopodial branches, number of sympodial branches, bolls per plant, boll weight, seed index, GOT%, lint index, seed cotton yield, relative water content and excised leaf water loss.Results showed a highly significant effect of genotype and water regime on all observed traits. Water regime × genotype interaction was also highly significant for plant height, number of sympodial branches, seed index, boll weight, lint index, and excised leaf water loss. Water regime × genotype interaction was non-significant for number of monopodial branches, bolls per plant, GOT%, seed cotton yield, and relative water content. Mean comparison indicated that seed mutated at 30kR and 35kR performed well for all yield-related traits in both irrigated conditions.
Lint
Fiber crop
Gossypium
Bt Cotton
Drought Tolerance
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Although results from in vitro ovule culture studies have demonstrated a specific K requirement for fiber growth, a direct association between the K status of the cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant and fiber quality has not been established under field conditions. To evaluate this relationship, a single cultivar (1985) and two cultivars (1986 and 1987) were grown with 0, 120, 240, or 480 kg K ha ‐1 in 10 blocked replicates of each K level on an irrigated, vermiculitic soil. There was a significant seed‐cotton yield response to applied K in each year. Lint yield, however, increased relatively more than seed yield, resulting in a greater lint percentage as plant K supply increased. The greater lint percentage reflected increased fiber length and secondary wall thickness (measured as a micronaire index) obtained from plants that received fertilizer K. For both cultivars, the fiber length, micronaire index, fiber strength and percent elongation, and fiber length uniformity ratio (dependent variables) were each positively related to (i) fiber K concentration at maturity, (ii) leaf K concentration at early bloom, and (iii) an index of soil K availability as independent variables in regression analyses. Comparison of cultivar regressions, however, indicated that fiber quality of ‘Acala GC510’ was higher than that of ‘Acala SJ2’ at low fiber, leaf, or soil K levels. We conclude that K supply to cotton fruit is an important determinant of fiber quality under field conditions, and that the K requirement for producing high lint yield with acceptable quality may differ among genotypes.
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Gossypium
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Abstract Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) is not only the dominant fiber crop grown worldwide, but it is also an important source of plant‐based oil and protein. Previous research has documented a significant effect of cotton cultivar and nitrogen application individually on lint yield and seed composition, but very limited studies have evaluated the lint, seed, oil, and protein yield responses of cultivars with different seed mass and composition to a broad range of N application rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lint, seed, oil, and protein yield responses of cultivars with different seed mass and composition to N application rates (0–168 kg N ha −1 ) for field‐grown cotton. A field experiment was conducted in Tifton, GA, USA during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons that included six cultivars and six N application rates. Cultivar significantly affected seedcotton, lint, seed, and seed reserve yields in both growing seasons. Lint yield did not follow identical trends as seed yield mainly due to cultivar variation in lint percent. Similarly, protein and oil yield were influenced by cultivar variation in seed composition. Seedcotton, seed, protein, and oil yields continually increased with increases in N application from 0 to 168 kg N ha −1 , whereas for lint yield, all fertilized treatments produced comparable yields that were significantly higher (68%) than the 0 kg N ha −1 treatment. We conclude that variability in the distribution of photosynthates to fiber and seed as well as seed oil and protein composition can significantly alter trends in fiber, seed, and seed component yields in response to cultivar or N application rates for field‐grown cotton.
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Abstract Potassium (K) fertility recommendations based on cotton petiole diagnostic analysis results have been inconsistent in the past, partly because the lowest acceptable petiole K concentration is unknown. Therefore, cotton was grown in sand filled 8‐L pots under two K treatments in a growth chamber at the Altheimer Laboratory in Fayetteville, AR to determine the petiole K concentration that will impact leaf physiology. Chamber‐grown plants were watered every second day with nutrient solution and with deionized water on alternate days. At 14 days after planting two treatments were established consisting of (1) continued complete nutrient solution, and (2) nutrient solution containing no K. Measurements were taken 13, 19, and 26 days after treatment establishment (DATE). Organ K concentrations, leaf chlorophyll, photosynthesis, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations were monitored as plant K deficiencies developed. All organ K concentrations were much lower in the no‐K treatment on each analysis date. Visual K deficiencies were first observed at 19 DATE along with reductions reductions in leaf chlorophyll concentration. Leaf photosynthesis was greatly reduced in the no‐K treatment beginning at 19 DATE. However, leaf ATP and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations were higher at 19 and 26 DATE in the no‐K treatment, which may have been the result of reduced utilization and translocation of these metabolites. Our studies show that reductions in leaf physiological processes and plant growth did not occur until the petiole K concentration fell below 0.88% on a dry weight basis. Therefore, reductions in lint yield and quality should not develop until this critical petiole level is attained.
Petiole (insect anatomy)
Potassium deficiency
Fiber crop
Lint
Fodder
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Seedlings of upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) are vulnerable to the partial or complete loss of their cotyledons due to an array of biotic and abiotic causes. These experiments were conducted in the field over a 4‐yr period to determine the effects of such losses in the early vegetative cotyledon growth stage on lint yield, selected lint yield components, and fiber traits. Loss of half a cotyledon apparently stimulated the cotton plant to over compensate for lint yield by 4 to 6%. Overcompensation was not detected for the lint yield components or fiber traits. The plant compensated for the loss of up to one cotyledon in all traits except fiber strength in one year. Loss of one and one‐half cotyledons reduced lint yield (11–33%), picked lint percentage (up to 2.1%), pulled lint percentage (0.4%), micronaire (up to 0.2 units), and fiber elongation (up to 0.3%). Loss of both cotyledons reduced lint yield (81–100%), picked lint percentage (up to 4.6%), pulled lint percentage (4.7%), boll size (0.85 g boll −1 ), micronaire (up to 1.6 units), and fiber elongation (up to 1.4%). Fiber length and length uniformity were not affected at any level of cotyledon removal. Fiber strength exhibited significant differences among treatments in one experiment, but no trend. The elimination of both cotyledons when the first true leaf was about the size of a dime was considerably less harmful to the plant than when done earlier in the season.
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Cotyledon
Fiber crop
Gossypium
Elongation
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Nitrogen (N) is important for cotton production but if poorly managed it can lead to reduced lint yield and low N use efficiency. This study was conducted to evaluate cotton’s ability to recover from early season N deficiency and determine if a sensor-based N rate calculator (SBNRC) can be used to make mid-season N recommendations in cotton. The effect of sidedress N fertilizer (0, 33, 67, 101, and 134 kg N ha -1 ) applied at early pinhead square (EPHS), first white flower (FWF), 30 d after first white flower (30 DAFWF), and four levels of preplant N (0, 33, 67, and 101 kg ha -1 ), on cotton lint yield was investigated at two locations in Oklahoma. The results indicated that at 0 and 33 kg ha -1 preplant N applications, cotton yield was significantly impacted by the timing of sidedress N. However, at Altus in 2009 and Lake Carl Blackwell (LCB) in 2010, cotton recovered from early season N deficiency and attained near maximum lint yield when sidedress N fertilizer was applied at EPHS or FWF. At Altus in 2010, cotton recovered when sidedress N was applied at EPHS and reduced when sidedress N was delayed until FWF. Yields were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when application was delayed to 30 DAFWF at all sites. The results indicate normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) could be used to make sidedress N recommendation for cotton at EPHS or FWF stage. This research validates the use of the SBNRC to improve inseason N recommendations in cotton production.
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Gossypium
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We evaluated the performance of four cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars when grown under four environments at Stoneville, Mississippi. Each variety was harvested by hand at approximately weekly intervals, averaging nine harvests per environment. We obtained estimates of yield, seven yield components, and seven fiber properties for each harvest. Generally for the first two harvest weeks cotton bolls opened at a relatively slow rate, approximately 10 kg/ha per day. This was usually followed by 4 weeks of a greater rate of opening, approximately 24 kg/ha per day. After this period the rate of opening decreased substantially to approximately 7 kg/ha per day. The most important cultivar ✕ harvest interactions were for yield, number of bolls, and rate of boll opening. These interactions were related most to the distribution of yield within environments. Lint percentage was lowest for the early harvest, whereas boll size and seed index values became smaller as the season advanced. Lint index was highest for the middle harvests. There was no consistent seasonal trend in number of seed per boll. Cultivars were the most important source of variability for fiber properties. Yarn strength, 50% and 2.5% span length, length uniformity, fiber strength, and Micronaire were usually lower for the last two harvest dates. Lower quality fiber and low yield potential in the last two harvests suggest that early season production would be advantageous to the cotton industry. The implications of this study pertaining to sampling for yield, yield components, and fiber properties are discussed.
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Growing season
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Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum var. Latifolium) was grown in nutrient media, at two K levels: 58.5 mg/K and 11.7 mg/K. Potassium deficiency (11.7 mg K/g of K) was imposed upon cotton plants at different stages of plant development. A sequence of increasing sensitivity to K deficiency among cotton plant parts was observed: leaves
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Potassium deficiency
Fiber crop
Gossypium
Bt Cotton
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ABSTRACT Chemicals may be used to reduce plant size in cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), which can increase cotton yield by allowing an increased number of plants per unit area. Foliar sprays of growth retardants Cycocel and Alar were applied at concentrations of 250, 500, and 750 ppm 105 days after planting (square and boll setting stage) to Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 75 planted at three plant densities (166,000, 222,000, and 333,000 plant ha−1). The objectives of this two-year study were to determine if growth retardants may be substituted for plant density, and vice versa, and to investigate their effects on yield and fiber properties. Number of opened bolls plant−1, seed-cotton yield plant−1, and earliness increased as plant density decreased in both years, as did seed-cotton and lint yield ha−1 in the second season. In the first year, the intermediate plant density gave the highest yields. Plant density had no significant effect on lint percentage or fiber properties. Both Cycocel and Alar increased the number of opened bolls plant−1, boll weight, seed and lint indices, seed-cotton yield plant−1, and both seed-cotton and lint yield ha−1, but effects were not always significant and response varied for different traits. Neither Cycocel nor Alar affected lint percentage, yield earliness, or fiber properties at any plant density. The interaction of plant density × growth retardant was significant for the number of opened bolls m−2 and plant−1, seed-cotton yield plant−1 and ha−1, and for lint yield ha−1. The lowest plant densities, combined with application of Cycocel or Alar, gave the highest number of opened bolls m−2 and plant−1, seed-cotton yield plant−1 and ha−1, and lint yield ha−1. This implied that the effect of growth retardants on cotton yield depended essentially on the number of plants per unit area or space available to each plant and that applying growth retardants could enhance the effect of low plant density.
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Gossypium barbadense
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Gossypium
Plant Density
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Three cotton strains, Gossypium hirsutum L., were grown with two N levels, 56 (soil applied) and 86 kg N/ha (56 kg/ha soil applied plus 30 kg/ha foliar applied). Foliar applications were based on results from petiole nitrate monitoring. The primary objective was to determine if petiole nitrates and phosphorus levels were affected by cotton strains. We chose three cottons which we knew were different in leaf area and rate of fruiting. Significant differences among ‘Stoneville 213,’ Stoneville 817 frego, and Stoneville 7A nectariless, okra leaf were found for levels of petiole nitrates and P when monitored for 11 weeks during the growing season. No significant differences in levels of petiole nitrates or P were found between two levels of N. There was a significant cotton strain by week interaction for petiole nitrates but not P. Petiole nitrates ranged from 310 to 16,000 ppm during the sea‐son. There was a significant increase in lint yields at the second harvest in foliar‐fed plots and an increase of 47 kg lint/ha in total yield. However, total llnt yields were not significantly different between the two levels of N or among the three strains. Yields ranged from 981 to 1,010 kg lint/ha for the three strains. Strains did not respond differently to the two N levels. Follar feeding did not affect boll size or lint percent. These data illustrate some of the inherent difficulties associated with the use of petiole nitrate monitoring as a useful tool for assessing N application.
Petiole (insect anatomy)
Lint
Fiber crop
Gossypium
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