SWANEA (Southwest Asia-Northeast Africa) A Climatological Study. Volume 3. The Near East Mountains
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Abstract : This volume, the third in a four-volume series, is a climatological study of the Near East Mountains: an area that includes Turkey (except for its Mediterranean and Aegean Sea coasts), Northern Iraq, Iran (except for its Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea coasts), Afghanistan, and Pakistan. After describing the general geography of land areas in the Near East Mountains, it discusses major meteorological features of the entire study area. Each major subregion (based on 'climatic commonality') is then broken into its own geography and general weather sections. Finally, the four so-called 'seasons' in each of these subregions are discussed in detail.Cite
The Crimean Autonomous Republic (further on — the Crimea) is situated on the Crimean peninsula in the southern part of Ukraine. Its geographic coordinates are 44°36′ – 46° 10′ northern latitude and 32° 30′ – 36° 45′ eastern longitude.The Crimean peninsula is not very large. Its area is about 26 000 sq. km. The distance from the northernmost point (the Perekop) to the southernmost one (the Sarych Cape) equals 195 km; from the westernmost point (the Tarkhankut Cape) to the easternmost point of the Kerch peninsula — 325 km.The Crimea is washed by the warm waters of the Black Sea from the west and from the south, by the Azov Sea and the shallow salty bay of Sivash — from the north‐east. The bay of Sivash is separated from the Azov Sea by the Arabat spit, which is 113 km long.By the nature of its orography, the Crimean peninsula can be separated into two parts. The larger one is the steppe Crimea, which is a plain with the absolute heights of 50–150 m above the sea level. The southernmost part of the Crimea is occupied by the Crimean mountains which form three parallel ranges: the Outer Range (200–300 m), the Inner Range (600–750 m) and the Main Range (1200–1500 m).The climate of the Crimea is influenced, alongside with the radiation factors and the circulation peculiarities, by the Back Sea and the Azov Sea, as well as the Crimean mountains. The climate of the Southern Coast of the Crimea (the SCC) is influenced not so much by the height of the Crimean mountains (they are comparatively low, the highest point — the Roman‐Kosh mountain — being 1545 m) as by their general orientation from west to east, parallel to the southern coast. That is why the southern slopes of the mountains and the SCC form the region which is totally different from the middle zone of Ukraine, while the northern Crimea can be said to be an extension of the steppes of southern Ukraine.There are three main climatic regions in the Crimea: 1 — the steppe, 2 — the mountain, 3 — the coast.
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The Sultanate of Oman (Figure 1) lies at the eastern extremity of the Arabian Peninsula, extending from the eastern border of the Republic of Yemen in the south, along the southeastern border of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, to the United Arab Emirates in the north. Oman covers approximately 314,000km2. In the north the country is dominated by the Hajar mountains that rise to 3,000m above sea level (asl), stretching north to the mountainous Musandam region that extends to the Straits of Hormuz. Annual rainfall of approximately 100mm supports sparse temperate montane vegetation throughout the northern mountains.
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Myanmar is located between 9deg. 55min. and 28deg. 15min. north latitude and 92deg. 10min. and 101deg. 10min. east longitude. It is the westernmost country in southeast Asia. Its bordering countries are Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, and Thailand. Over 50% of the eastern coastline of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea constitutes the western border. The country occupies a total land area of 676,577km2 and is home to 57.5 million people in 14 states and regions, per 2008 estimate. The general topography of the country is high in the north and the west with north–south-oriented mountain ranges extending from the Himalayas. The eastern side of the country is a wide plateau connected to Yunnan, China. The central area and the more southern parts of the country are relatively low. Rivers run from north to south in most parts of the country. A map of Myanmar's states and regions is shown in Fig. 1.
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Mesopotamia is an elongated basin running from Syria south-eastwards to the Persian Gulf. It is bordered on the south-west by the Arabian massif, on the north by the mountains of Anatolia, and on the east by the Zagros range. Agriculture in this basin is controlled by climate to an extent unknown in Europe, particularly by water supply, which may come from rainfall or from rivers that flow out of the mountains. The modern boundary of rainfall sufficient for agriculture, which for practical purposes may be taken as 200 mm or 8 in reliable annual aggregate, runs across northern Mesopotamia from west to east and then turns south-east, following the foothills of the Zagros (fig. 1). We have at present no reason to think that this approximate boundary has shifted appreciably during the period with which we are concerned, although there were almost certainly marginal fluctuations. The limited palynological evidence, which comes from the mountainous regions north and east of Mesopotamia, suggests that after about 12000 bc both temperature and precipitation gradually increased and that by about 9000 bc oak and pistachio trees were beginning to reinvade the Zagros foothills, an area from which they had been eradicated during the cooler temperatures of the last glacial period (van Zeist and Wright 1963; Wright 1968; van Zeist 1969).
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