IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF CERTAIN MANGROVE PLANTS COLLECTED FROM GODAVARI ESTUARINE OF KONASEEMA DELTA, INDIA
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Aerial root
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The study investigated antimicrobial activities in different tissues of four mangrove plants:Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh (Avicenniaceae), Avicennia alba Blume (Avicenniaceae),Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn (Verbenaceae) and Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco (Myrsinaceae) found in the Sundarban delta regions of West Bengal State, India. Organic solvent extracts obtained from different tissues of these plants were investigated by disc diffusion tests against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakazakii and Acinetobacter baumannii) and fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Termitomyces clypeatus). Results suggested that extracts from various parts of these plants had growth-inhibitory effects on fungus and Gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were determined for some of these extracts. The antimicrobial activities were found to be heat stable when the crude extracts were subjected to controlled heat stress. The pH tolerance of the antimicrobial activities was found to be wide ranging with marginal changes in activities at extreme pH. The results suggested that these plants could be exploited in the management of various infectious diseases and their tissue extracts might have roles as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
Key words: Antimicrobial activity, mangrove, Sundarban Estuary, disc diffusion test, heat stability, pH sensitivity.
Avicennia marina
Acinetobacter baumannii
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Agrochemical
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In vitro assessment of the antifungal activities was evaluated in the present study for both aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from leaves of Avicennia Marina and Rhizophora Mucronata . Leaves of mangrove species were collected from Qeshm and Syrik of south-east coast of Iran, mangrove forest respectively. Antimicrobial tests were carried out through disk diffusion method. Minimum fungicidal concentration was determined according to Agar Dilution method. Results showed that the ethanol extracts of both species had antifungal activities on P. pupurogenome, P. chrysogenum, P. notatum, A. niger, A. alternata and Penicillium italicum. However, none of the water extracts showed antimicrobial activity on the studied fungi. Among all pathogens tested, A. flavus was the most resistant fungi. Different concentrations of extracts from Avicennia Marina and Rhizophora Mucronata exhibited different degree of growth inhibition against tested fungal strains. This study indicates the capability of mangrove species for the utilization as source of natural antifungal.
Rhizophora mucronata
Avicennia marina
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium citrinum
Rhizophoraceae
Avicennia
Aspergillus niger
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Covering: 1913 to February 2008
Flora
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Flora
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Pathogenic bacterial infections such as A.hydrophyla in fish cultivation are common problems.A.hydrophyla belongs to a group of bacteria resistant to more than one type of antibiotic.This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of R.mucronata mangrove leaf extract and to identify potential antibacterial compounds.The research procedure includes extraction, compound refinement, phytochemical test, antibacterial activity test, and KBM-KHM Test.The results show that the antibacterial ability possessed by R.mucronata leaves crude extract increased after the extract was purified utilizing separating funnel.The lowest concentration of methanol fraction extract capable of inhibiting A.hydrophyla (KHM) growth was at 8.25±0.39ppm, while the lowest concentration of A.hydrophyla was 32.99±1.56ppm.Bioactive compounds contained in methanol R.mucronata leaves extract are alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, and tannins.Out of the three compounds detected, antibacterial activity is thought to be derived from flavonoid and tannin compounds.KEY WORDS Organic solvents, separating funnel, phytochemicals, extract.Aquaculture is one sector that plays an important role in fulfilling global food needs.Increasing the need for cultivated fish increases aquaculture activities.Fish deaths during cultivation, especially those caused by pathogenic bacterial infections, are still a common problem.Haemorrhagic septicemia, the rot of fan/tail and epizootic ulcerative syndrome are diseases of aquaculture caused by Aeromonas hydrophila.Treatment of fish that have been infected by bacteria, especially A. hydrophila, in cultivation to date still use antibiotics.The use of antibiotics is one-factor triggering bacterial resistance, even against some types of antibiotics.A. hydrophila is one of the bacteria resistant to several types of antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin (Stratev, 2016;Adanir and Turutoglu, 2007).Utilization of mangroves as drugs raw material has long been developed traditionally by coastal communities (Bandaranayake, 2002).Rhizophora mucronata is one type of mangrove that is known to have biological activity.The bioactive compounds of R.mucronata are derived from secondary metabolite products such as saponins (Mahato et al., 1988), alkaloids (Gurudeeban et al., 2013) and flavonoids (Nurdiani, R, and Awaludin, A, 2012).R. mucronata has antibacterial properties against several Multi Drugs Resistance bacteria (MDR) that infect humans such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumonia (Joel and Bhimba, 2010).The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of R.mucronata mangrove leaf extract and to identify the class of potential antibacterial compounds.
Rhizophora mucronata
Rhizophora
Rhizophoraceae
Aerial root
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Plant extract have superior antimicrobial activity. Some plant extracts exhibit strong antifungal activity against undesirable fungi in foodstuffs during storage period. Generally, phenolic and terpene compounds are major contributors to this action. In this study, edible films (CMC) containing mangrove plant was evaluated for their activity against citrus pathogens. Mangrove leaves were dried in shadow and suitable condition, after extraction with ethanol 96 degree and water. Antimicrobial properties of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) films containing of 20, 40, 60 and 80 percent concentration of the extract against Penicillium digitatum and Alternaria citri was studied. The results show of the effect antimicrobial edible films containing of extracts ethanolic Avicennia marina at all concentrations have inhibition effect on growth of Alternaria citri, However aqueous extract of Avicennia marina leaves were able to inhibitory of growth the Alternaria citri only in 40, 60 and 80% concentrations and no antimicrobial activity was observed at 20 concentrations. The edible films containing mangrove extract presented the more effective impact on the growth of Penicillium digitatum than Alternaria citri (p<0.05). The results suggest that the food industry and consumers could use these films as wrappings to control surface contamination by mold pathogenic.
Penicillium digitatum
Avicennia marina
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Pathogenic bacteria
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The present study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial activity of Juniperus communis against seven bacterial species. Aqueous extract either cold or water does not have any activity against all tested bacteria strains. However methanolic, ethanolic, chloroform, petroleum ether was active against Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus but has no activity against Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Micrococcus luteus
Petroleum ether
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Abstract The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves and roots of the plant Acanthus ilicifolius were studied. Ampicillin and clotrimazole were used as standard antibacterial and antifungal agents respectively. The result of the study revealed that the n-hexane extract and chloroform extract of leaves exhibited strong inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger and moderate inhibitory action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. The rest of the extracts showed good inhibitory activity. Keywords : Acanthus ilicifolius , Agar disc diffusion method, Mangrove forest antimicrobial activity.
Aspergillus niger
Proteus vulgaris
Agar diffusion test
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