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Brachionus
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Reproductive efficiency of the largest individuals and a random group of broodstock of crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus was measured using two commercial shrimp feeds, Feed 1 (F1) broodstocks (40%/9% protein/lipids) and Feed 2 (F2) growth-out (35%/7% protein/lipids). An experimental design of four treatments with two replicates was used. Females were labeled with elastomers to determine the time between spawning and number of offspring per treatment. The number of ovigerous females in the largest individuals fed F2 (58) was significantly higher than ovigerous females in the control group fed F1 (30).The number of young crayfish per female produced in the largest individuals (173 ± 71.6) treatment was significantly higher than the crayfish produced in the control group (86.6 ± 42.6). The average interval between spawns, regardless of diet, in the largest females was 2.9 months and 2.6 months in control group females.
Broodstock
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Infectivity
Identification
Medical microbiology
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Heterorhabditis
Rhipicephalus
Entomopathogenic nematode
Incubation period
Rhipicephalus microplus
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A five-year data (1995–1999) on mastitis among slaughtered cattle, sheep and goats collected from the Federal Livestock Department (FLD), Imo State zonal office, was analysed to determine the prevalence of the condition among such animals in Imo State. Of the 8615 female animals handled at veterinary approved slaughter points during the period, 6230 (72.8%), 497(5.8%) and 1848(21.4%) were cows, ewes and does respectively. Mastitis was recorded among 405 (6.6%) of the cows, 77(15.5%) of the ewes and 352(19.1%) of the does. Across four seasons, mastitis was significantly higher (16.5% and 34.4%) among cattle and goats respectively during late dry (LD) season (p
Dry season
Wet season
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The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and variation of natural gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in lambs according to birth type, gender and breed based on individual faecal egg counts (FEC) from various regions in Germany. A total of 3,924 lambs (3 to 15 months old) with different genetic backgrounds (Merinoland, German Blackhead Mutton, Rhoen, Texel and Merino long-wool) were individually sampled during the grazing period between 2006 and 2008. Furthermore, pooled faecal samples from each of the farms were cultured in order to differentiate the third-stage larvae of the nematode spp. Sixty-three percent of the lambs were infected with GIN. The infections were mostly low to moderate and involved several nematode species. The Trichostrongylus spp. was the predominant species based on the percentage of larvae in faecal cultures. Only 11.4% of the lambs were free of Eimeria oocysts. Tapeworm eggs were encountered in 13.2% of all samples. The prevalence of GIN infections varied significantly (P < 0.001) among farms. A significantly higher FEC (P < 0.05) was observed in multiple-born lambs when compared with singletons. Moreover, male lambs were more susceptible to infection than females (P < 0.001). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between breeds regarding FEC. Inter-individual variations were higher than inter-breed differences, which may indicate the possibility of selection within these breeds for parasites resistance as described in earlier studies.
Trichostrongylus
Texel
Nematode infection
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Eggs of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) were subjected to different photoperiod/ temperature combinations on days 0–5 postoviposition. At 22°C, those exposed on day 2 displayed the highest incidence of photoperiod-induced diapause. At 15°C, photophases <12 h produced a lower incidence of diapause when experienced by eggs from days 0–2 than from days 3–5 postoviposition. However, at both a constant 15 and 22°C and at a 21:5°C thermoperiod, percentage hatch tended to be inversely proportional to age for eggs that were 0–2 days old and directly proportional to age for those that were 3–5 days old on exposure to photoperiod. A combination of a 10.5:13.5 (L:D) photoperiod and 21:5°C (photophase/scotophase thermal regime) had the greatest effect when encountered by eggs 0–2 days postoviposition; the combination's effect on eggs that were 3–5 days old was similar to that of a 10:14 photoperiod and 15°C. Under a 11.3:12.7 photoperiod and a 24:9°C thermoperiod, a clearly defined hatching pattern was shown only by eggs subjected to the treatment 2 days after oviposition. A constant 5, 10, and 27°C suppressed the effect of photoperiod. Results suggest that photoperiod/temperature interactions were influential during embryogenesis.
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