Assessment and optimization of the oxygen based membrane biofilm reactor as a novel technology for source-diverted greywater treatment
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Central composite design
Objective To optimize the preparation of Cucurbitacin oral-lipid-nanoemulsion using response surface methodology(RSM).Methods The stability of nanoemulsion was quantitated by KS and KF.The Cucurbitacin oral-lipid-nanoemulsion was prepared by microfluidics.In the central composite design-response surface methodology(RSM-CCD),mean diameter,sterilizing stability and freeze-thaw stability were selected as response variables,RH40%(X1,w/%),SPC%(X2,w/%),MCT%(X3,w/%)were employed as independent variables.The optimal formulation was predicted by response surface methodology.Results The optimal formulation of Cucurbitacin oral-lipid-nanoemulsion could be obtained at 1.15% of RH40,0.5% of SPC and 5.52% of MCT.The mean diameter,sterilizing stability and freeze-thaw stability of the optimal preparation were(113.60±2.10)nm,(2.92±0.70) and(5.14±0.20),respectively.The deviations between measured values and predicted values were not considerable(the maximum deviation was 4.6%).Conclusions The model established by the RSM-CCD method could be used for optimization of the preparation of cucurbitacin oral-lipid-nanoemulsion.
Central composite design
Box–Behnken design
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OBJECTIVE To study the optimum condition of extraction for the total flavonoids in Glechoma longituba by central composite design-response surface method.METHODS Independent variables were methanol concentration,ultrasonic time and solvent,while dependent variables were the content of total flavonoids.Central composite design-response surface method(CCD-RSM) were used to optimize the extracting process.RESULTS The content of extraction conditions was 55% methanol,ultrasound 90 min and 8 times the amount of solvent.CONCLUSION CCD-RSM can be used to optimize extraction of total flavonoids of Glechoma longituba,and the optimum mathematic model is highly predictive and the experimental design methods have higher reliability.
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The effect of process conditions on antioxidant activity of Cordyceps militaris hydrolyzed with Neutrase has been investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) in this paper. RSM was including three parts: Fractional factorial design(FFD),steepest ascent design,and central composite design(CCD).The optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis were: 6.5 pH value, 45 ℃ temperature, 7.03 % ratio of enzyme and substrate, 25.41 ratio of water and raw material, 4 h time, the predicted value at stationary point of reducing power(A700) was 0.465.
Cordyceps militaris
Central composite design
Fractional factorial design
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
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The aim of the present work was to investigate the removal of phenol from a synthetic solution by the enhanced electrochemical oxidation process using graphite electrodes. Central composite design (CCD) and Box Behnken Design (BBD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) tool were used to investigate the effects of major operating variables viz. Current density (mA/ cm2): (2.27 to 4.54), pH: (5.5 to 7.5) and electrolysis time (min): (30 to 90). The predicted values of BBD responses obtained using RSM were more significant than the CCD model in terms of reaction time, whereas under the desirability test CCD model was found more appropriate in terms of phenol removal and power consumption. The optimal result shows that the CCD model predicted and experimental values of phenol removal and power consumption are 92.87 %; 0.866 kWh/m3 and 86.34 %; 1.12 kWh/m3 respectively under optimized variable conditions, current density: 2.78 mA/cm2, pH: 6.98 and electrolysis time: 88.02 minutes at high desirability level.
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The removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3–N), and color, as well as ozone consumption (OC) from the Malaysian semi-aerobic landfill stabilized leachate using ozone reactor, were investigated. Central composite design with response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the interaction and relationship between operating variables (i.e., ozone dosage, COD concentration, and reaction time) and to develop the optimum operating condition. Based on statistical analysis, Quadratic models for the four responses (COD, NH3–N, color, and OC) proved to be significant with very low probability values (<0.0001). The obtained optimum conditions were 70 g/m3 ozone, 250 mg/l COD, and 60 min reaction time. The results obtained by the predicted model were 26.7, 7.1, and 92 % removal for COD, NH3–N, and color, respectively, with 9.42 (kgO3/kg COD) OC. The predicted results fitted well with the results of the laboratory experiment.
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In the present study, the three main process parameters in the Fenton process for the removal of pharmaceutical compound Mefenamic acid from an aqueous solution were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) was used for process optimization. The primary and secondary interaction effects of the selected parameters such as H2O2, Fe2+ and pH on the removal of mefenamic acid were examined. A mathematical model for the removal process based on the selected variables was developed. The interaction effect between the chosen parameters shows that the removal of mefenamic acid was enhanced in the acidic pH range at a high concentration of H2O2 and in a medium concentration level of the catalyst Fe2+. The removal efficiency of 81.24% was obtained for mefenamic acid at the optimized condition of variables such as 9.36 mM H2O2, 0.058 mM Fe2+and at a pH value of 2.1.
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The aim of this work is to apply the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize several operating conditions that significantly affect the removal of salicylic acid (SA) from aqueous solution by electro Fenton (EF) process. Optimization of the EF process for the removal of 100 mg/L of SA solution was carried out using a face centred central composite design in RSM to investigate the joint influence of four variables (catalyst concentration, pH, voltage and electrolysis time) at three different levels. 70.45% of SA was removed at the optimum catalyst concentration of 5.10 mg/L, pH of 2.42, voltage of 2.70 V and electrolysis time of 6 h. A validation experiment was performed under the operating conditions predicted by the models.
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The sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) is a derivative compound from lignin which has various usefulness. Commercial SLS is a by-product of Arbiso pulping sulfite industry, but nowadays, the amount of available commercial SLS is scare due to the expensive price of SLS. Therefore, it is needed to find the solution to produce of SLS using a feasible process. This research involves producing SLS by directly cooking the palm oil stem biomass dust in a pressurized reactor using sodium bi-sulfite (NaHSO 3 ) solvent. The experiment focused on the modeling, influence of process variables and its optimization that statistically analyze using the Response Surface Method-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The result showed that the solid-liquid ratio is the most affecting factor to the SLS rendemen. The relation between rendemen and temperature (T), pH (C) and solid-liquid ratio (R) can be modeled as % rendemen = 12.18 + 0.52T – 0.48C + 3.5R – 1.02T 2 – C 2 – 1.53R 2 . The optimal operation conditions were identified at temperature of 153.8 o C, pH = 4.64 and solid-liquid ratio of 1:15.9.
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Central composite design
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Bisphenol A is a high production volume chemical widely used in manufacturing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in many industries. Due to its adverse effects on human health as an endocrine disruptor and many other effects on the various organs of the human body as well as aquatic organisms, it should be removed from the aquatic environments. This study aimed to mineralisation of BPA from aquatic environments by application of novel UV/SPS/H2O2/Cu system and optimization and modelling of its removal using central composite design (CCD) from response surface methodology (RSM). CCD from RSM was used for modeling and optimization of operation parameters on the BPA degradation using UV/SPS/HP/Cu system. Effective operation parameters were initial persulfate, H2O2, Cu2+ and BPA concentration along with pH and reaction time, all in three levels were investigated. For analysis of obtained data ANOVA test was used. The results showed that a quadratic model is suitable to fit the experimental data (p < 0.0001). Analysis of response surface plots showed a considerable impact of all six selected variables which BPA and Cu2+ initial concentrations have been the highest and the least impact on the process, respectively. F-value of model was 54.74 that indicate significance of the model. The optimum values of the operation parameters were determined. The maximum removal of BPA was achieved 99.99 % in optimal conditions and in that condition TOC removal was about 70 %. Finally, validation and accuracy of the model were also evaluated by graphical residual analysis and the influential diagnostics plots. The higher relevance between actual and predicted values demonstrated the validation and applicability of the obtained equation as the model. According to the results, UV/SPS/HP/Cu system is an effective process in degradation and mineralisation of BPA and CCD methodology is a convenient and reliable statistical tool for optimizing BPA removal from aqueous solutions.
Central composite design
Persulfate
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